土-水特征曲线的分形特性及其分析拟合

为了建立一种参数有明确物理意义的土-水特征曲线拟合方法,基于分形理论,给出了一种直接通过土-水特征曲线实测数据求解分维数的计算方法,建议了一种土-水特征曲线拟合分析的分形模型。为验证所建议拟合方法的合理性,采用液压千斤顶制作了7个不同干密度黏性土试样,利用压力板仪测量了土-水特征曲线。基于土-水特征曲线实测值计算了分维数,在此基础之上对土-水特征曲线实测数据进行分析拟合。结果表明：分维数计算及拟合分析时,7个试样相关系数都集中在0.97～0.99之间,从而证明了土-水特征曲线具有良好的分形特性,建议的拟合方法效果较好。此外,研究发现,分维数、进气值随干密度几乎呈线性增加,据此建议了一种不同压实度下的土-水特征曲线预测方法,其预测结果与实测值吻合较好。     

GPS高程异常拟合的稳健总体最小二乘算法

为解决控制点平面坐标与高程异常值中均含有误差的情况下求解模型参数的问题,对应用总体最小二乘算法(TLS)建立G-M模型求解拟合模型参数的方法进行讨论,重点对应用稳健总体最小二乘算法解决控制点之间观测值精度不等对参数求解有影响的问题进行探讨。对基于稳健估计思想的TLS迭代定权算法进行讨论,并通过算例与其他两种算法进行比较。结果表明,基于稳健估计的TLS算法能更好地解决含有误差的控制点已知坐标对GPS高程拟合模型参数求解有影响的问题。     

Numerical partitioning of components for four-modal sedimentary grain-size distribution based on gradient descent method

The gradient descent(GD)method is used to fit the measured data(i.e.,the laser grain-size distribution of the sediments)with a sum of four weighted lognormal functions.The method is calibrated by a series of ideal numerical experiments.The numerical results indicate that the GD method not only is easy to operate but also could effectively optimize the parameters of the fitting function with the error decreasing steadily.The method is applied to numerical partitioning of laser grain-size components of a series of Garzêloess samples and three bottom sedimentary samples of submarine turbidity currents modeled in an open channel laboratory flume.The overall fitting results are satisfactory.As a new approach of data fitting,the GD method could also be adapted to solve other optimization problems.     

利用最小二乘拟合法进行多站地磁日变基值归算

多站日变改正技术是解决远海区大范围磁力测量地磁日变改正的关键技术,然而多站日变改正中,为了减小磁场水平差异的影响,分站日变基值必须向主站归算.基于地磁日变化的时空特点,尝试将最小二乘拟合法引入到多站日变基值归算中,并采用多站同步观测数据对方法的有效性进行了验证.结论表明:当主站和分站日变性质相似时,最小二乘拟合法可以取得良好的效果,且对同步观测时段低.但是当日变性质差异较大时,则应当采用传统的同步比对法.     

反正切函数拟合下的地震数据体断裂刻画方法

利用界面的形状或者其不连续性是基于叠后地震数据刻画断裂的两种主要方法,根据实际地震资料的特点,两种方法各有其优劣性.对于同界面形状相关的断裂刻画方法,较常用的为地震曲率属性.受实际断裂模型的制约,在曲率属性的基础上,曲率变化率表现出对断裂更强的相关性及敏感性.本文发展了以反正切函数为准线的柱面拟合法来刻画断裂,主要包括两个步骤,分别为:一、柱面直母线的拟合;二、柱面准线拟合及曲率变化率的求取.实际地震资料计算结果表明,该方法对断裂刻画的精度高于传统方法,能够揭示更多的断裂细节,特别是对于地震剖面上不易识别的小断距断裂,亦能够清晰的刻画,同时具有较高的信噪比.     

Diffraction imaging by uniform asymptotic theory and double exponential fitting

Seismic diffracted waves carry valuable information for identifying geological discontinuities. Unfortunately, the diffraction energy is generally too weak, and standard seismic processing is biased to imaging reflection. In this paper, we present a dynamic diffraction imaging method with the aim of enhancing diffraction and increasing the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The correlation between diffraction amplitudes and their traveltimes generally exists in two forms, with one form based on the Kirchhoff integral formulation, and the other on the uniform asymptotic theory. However, the former will encounter singularities at geometrical shadow boundaries, and the latter requires the computation of a Fresnel integral. Therefore, neither of these methods is appropriate for practical applications. Noting the special form of the Fresnel integral, we propose a least‐squares fitting method based on double exponential functions to study the amplitude function of diffracted waves. The simple form of the fitting function has no singularities and can accelerate the calculation of diffraction amplitude weakening coefficients. By considering both the fitting weakening function and the polarity reversal property of the diffracted waves, we modify the conventional Kirchhoff imaging conditions and formulate a diffraction imaging formula. The mechanism of the proposed diffraction imaging procedure is based on the edge diffractor, instead of the idealized point diffractor. The polarity reversal property can eliminate the background of strong reflection and enhance the diffraction by same‐phase summation. Moreover,the fitting weakening function of diffraction amplitudes behaves like an inherent window to optimize the diffraction imaging aperture by its decaying trend. Synthetic and field data examples reveal that the proposed diffraction imaging method can meet the requirement of high‐resolution imaging, with the edge diffraction fully reinforced and the strong reflection mostly eliminated.     

基于补偿最小二乘的平面点云拟合方法

采用补偿最小二乘进行估计解算,同时兼顾参数和非参数两类因素,极大地提高了平面点云拟合精度。通过对斜面、水平面和垂直面3种平面分别使用最小二乘方法、特征值方法以及补偿最小二乘方法进行拟合,结果显示,补偿最小二乘方法的拟合效果最优。     

基于共有单平面的点云拼接技术研究

提出基于共有单平面的点云拼接技术。首先进行共有平面的提取、拟合,精确计算平面的法向量|再运用平面的法向量信息,求取旋转角构造旋转矩阵|最后通过平面的中心点进行坐标平移,完成点云拼接。分别通过模拟数据和实验数据验证了该算法的正确性。     

整体最小二乘和最小二乘拟合空间直线的比较

给出整体最小二乘法拟合空间直线的一种迭代算法。将空间直线垂直投影到坐标平面,分别采用整体最小二乘法和最小二乘法拟合直线。对坐标点等精度观测、非等精度观测和坐标分量非等精度观测3种场景进行模拟计算,比较两种方法估计的参数和验后单位权方差,并对三维激光扫描仪实测数据拟合结果进行分析。     

前期西太平洋暖池热含量异常影响长江中下游夏季降水的可能途经

利用日本气象厅历史海温资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、海表温度和降水资料,研究了1951-2010年前期西太平洋暖池（简称暖池）热含量异常与长江中下游夏季降水的关系,及其可能影响途径.结果表明,前期暖池热含量与长江中下游夏季降水存在超前2个季节的显著负相关关系,前期11-1月（即上年11月-当年1月,下同）暖池关键区（166.5°E-173.5°W,7.5°S-3.5°N）0~200 m热含量的偏低（高）对长江中下游夏季降水偏多（少）的预测有重要指示意义.前期暖池热含量异常的持续存在,及其外强迫作用激发的具有一定斜压性结构的夏季东亚-太平洋型遥相关（EAP）,可能是影响长江中下游夏季降水的主要原因.暖池热含量在前期11-1月异常偏低导致其西北侧菲律宾异常反气旋形成并维持,夏季菲律宾异常反气旋向西北方向扩展加强,东亚沿岸EAP波列形成,使得长江中下游及其以东的西北太平洋副热带地区受异常气旋控制,且长江中下游地区为北方冷空气与南方暖湿气流的交汇区.同时,对流层高层东亚沿岸亦存在位置较中低层向西北偏移的EAP波列,长江中下游及其以南地区为异常偏强高压,高层辐散与中低层辐合相配合,有利于长江中下游地区对流发展和降水增多;反之亦然.