相对湿度和PM2.5浓度对大气能见度的影响研究:基于小时资料的多站对比分析

为了全面分析浙江省不同区域能见度变化基本特征及影响机理,基于杭州、宁波、温州3个国家基本气象站2013-2014年逐时能见度观测资料,比较分析了3市能见度变化的基本特征。发现3市不同等级能见度出现频率基本一致,随着能见度等级的提高,出现频率逐渐降低;从能见度的日变化来看,07时（北京时）前后最低,之后缓慢上升,14-15时达到最高,随后逐渐下降;全年有两个能见度较低时段,分别出现在12月-次年2月和5-6月;总体而言,宁波能见度最优,杭州和温州大体相当。功率谱分析结果表明,3市能见度均有显著的日周期,高频波段呈现出多个显著谱峰,低频波段存在若干显著谱峰。进一步开展机理分析,发现相对湿度和PM2.5浓度是调制大气能见度的关键因子,相对湿度增大、PM2.5浓度升高导致能见度降低。在同一相对湿度等级下,初始阶段能见度随PM2.5浓度的升高迅速降低,到达“拐点”之后降低速率趋于缓慢。在同一PM2.5浓度水平下,相对湿度越大,能见度越低,说明水汽对能见度也有重要影响。基于相对湿度和PM2.5浓度两个因子,采用非线性拟合方案构建了大气能见度定量统计模型,总体而言模型拟合效果较好。最后针对研究中存在的不足和未来值得进一步发掘的科学问题进行了讨论。      

基于免棱镜技术的隧道洞门中心坐标检测程序设计实践

由于隧道洞门存在测量放样和洞门安装施工误差,洞门施工完成后的实际中心坐标与洞门圈设计中心坐标存在偏差,需要实际测量确定盾构洞门中心坐标。本文研究利用全站仪免棱镜测距的新技术,开发盾构隧道洞门中心坐标检测的测量程序,提高检测工作效率。     

基于Visual Studio的总体最小二乘高程拟合研究及实现

GPS水准主要根据测区内若干基准点上的高程异常构建曲面来逼近似大地水准面,由GPS测出基准点的大地高即可求出该点的正常高。本文主要研究一片小区域且较为平坦,应用最小二乘和总体最小二乘对平面拟合法、二次曲面拟合法和三次曲面拟合法进行探讨,并在Visual Studio平台上用Cshape语言实现高程拟合的过程。结果显示,三次曲面拟合法的总体最小二乘相比于其他方法效果最好。     

干旱地区高盐度水面蒸发试验研究

通过新疆昌吉地下水均衡试验场中的不同矿化度EФ20蒸发器水面蒸发试验研究,得出高盐度水面蒸发的一般规律。通过数据对比分析,表明在外部环境条件相同时,高盐度水面蒸发量与矿化度之间呈显著负相关关系,即矿化度越高,水面蒸发越微弱,反之则蒸发越强烈,这主要是由于水体中的盐分子对水分子的吸引力作用造成的。根据实测数据拟合出水面蒸发量与矿化度之间的函数关系,并计算出高盐度水面蒸发折算系数。     

Optimization of a multiple gauge,regulated river‐system model. A system approach

With increasing demands on limited water resources, regulation of larger river systems continues to increase and so too does the need for accurate water accounting and prediction in these systems. River system models are either calibrated manually or automatically on a reach‐by‐reach basis, i.e. each reach is calibrated as a separate entity with little or no consideration of fluxes at other locations within the river system. While this is a practical approach, simulation errors can propagate downstream to make calibration or prediction difficult at those locations. Likewise parameters may suffer from over‐fitting especially where observations are erroneous. We developed and implemented a system calibration strategy in a portion of the Murrumbidgee River, Australia, where parameters for 11 gauges (36 parameters) were calibrated together. Parameter values, model states and model goodness of fit were compared to reach‐by‐reach calibration. The system calibration produced a better goodness of fit across the whole system relative to reach‐by‐reach calibration. Additionally, model system states were more realistic than reach‐by‐reach optimized models. Over‐fitting was obvious using the reach‐by‐reach method for one reach/gauge in particular. This was avoided with system calibration method, with improved goodness of fit at all gauges downstream of the problem gauge. The results here suggest that the system calibration approach provides more hydrologically consistent states, improved overall fit and avoids over‐fitting at problem gauges. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Temporal variation of over‐bank flooding of Wei River and its impact on a riparian wetland in Xi'an,China

Over‐bank flooding is one of the driving forces controlling ecological integrity of riparian wetlands. Indentifying natural over‐bank flooding regime and its temporal variations is crucial for developing conservation and restoration plans and making water resources management policies for these ecosystems. Along the midstream of the Wei River in Xi'an, China lies the Jingwei riparian wetland, which was well preserved until the 1970s. Based on historical record of hydrological and morphological data of the Wei River from 1951 to 2000, we analysed temporal variations of over‐bank flooding frequency, duration, and timing in this paper. The natural annual over‐bank flooding regime was identified as having an occurrence frequency of 2·2 times a year and average duration of 5·3 days; these flooding events typically occur between June and September with occasional occurrence in late spring and late autumn. Over‐bank flooding occurrence frequency and duration decreased significantly during the 1990s, seasonal events of over‐bank floods were changed through reduced flooding frequency during summer and disappearing flooding events in late spring and late autumn. Further investigations showed that reduced discharge in the Wei River was the principal cause for these changes in over‐bank flooding dynamics. Our analysis also showed that decreased discharge of the Wei River during the 1990s was attributed near equally to disturbances from human activities and decreased regional precipitation. Results from this study may help reestablish natural over‐bank flooding dynamics in order to ensure successful restoration of Jingwei riparian wetland. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

卫星测高正常点海面高度计算方法研究

正常点海面高计算是卫星测高数据处理的基础.从测高卫星飞行轨道的规律出发,提出了采用“距离加权平均”计算正常点海面高的新方法,阐述了“距离加权平均”这一方法计算正常点海面高的原理.并分别利用传统方法和新方法所计算出的中国海域内正常点海面高数据,进行交叉点海面高不符值及其平差计算,对所得结果进行精度评定.实际计算结果比对证明了利用“距离加权平均”法计算正常点海面高的可行性和优越性.     

生态环境遥感分类数据矢量化方法与应用

遥感分类数据矢量化建库是生态环境遥感制图及其应用分析过程中主要的处理内容和基础工作。以福建省海岸带生态环境遥感分类数据为例 ,在分析遥感图像处理系统对遥感分类和专题信息提取后处理中矢量化能力不足和结果存在严重缺陷的基础上 ,综合应用遥感和地理信息基础软件平台 ,提供的系列数据管理、分析和数据转换功能模块 ,开展基于生态环境遥感影像分类数据的矢量化建库技术探讨 ,提出一个生态环境遥感分类数据矢量化建库的通用技术方法和流程 ,并对矢量化结果做了一个简要的评价和分析 ,以满足大面积生态环境遥感调查、分析和制图的实际需要。     

南宁市防洪堤岸坡岩土材料的本构模型试验研究

根据南宁市防洪堤岸坡岩土材料的特性,对典型堤段的岸坡岩土材料进行了试验研究。根据试验数据拟合得到体积屈服面和剪切屈服面,基于广义塑性力学原理,建立了岸坡岩土材料的本构模型。使用MATLAB程序进行数值计算,通过对比试验曲线和理论曲线的拟合程度检验了模型的合理性。     

黄河大堤非饱和土土-水特性试验研究

模拟工程中非饱和土体的实际受力状态,利用改进的非饱和土三轴仪对黄河大堤非饱和土在不同围压条件下的土-水特性进行了试验研究。根据试验结果,分析了黄河大堤非饱和土体在外荷作用下土-水特征曲线及其变化规律。并对相应的土-水特征曲线模型进行了拟合,得出其拟合函数。根据土-水特征曲线可知,非饱和土的基质吸力随着土体所受周围压力的增大而减小,随着含水量的增大而减小;对于某一类土而言,在高含水量(含水量＞20 %) 时,土的基质吸力随含水量的变化较小,而在低含水量 (含水量≤20 %)时,土的基质吸力随含水量的变化较大。随着含水量的增加,非饱和土的工程性质向弱性变化。