区域视角下的二里头文化生业经济形态——基于河南省漯河地区碳、氮稳定同位素新证

二里头文化主要分布于中原地区,距今约3750~3500年,大体相当于古史所载夏文化。二里头文化研究主要集中于环嵩山一带的核心区,对于外围区域的关注相对较少。为了完善二里头文化生业经济研究,本研究对河南省漯河市召陵沟李遗址（33°36'42.9″N,114°9'45.5″E）和源汇皇寓遗址（33°31'28.7″N,113°54'24.4″E）的51例人和动物骨胶原样本开展碳、氮稳定同位素分析,同时结合动、植物考古研究成果,归纳当地二里头文化生业经济形态的主要内涵,进而从外围区域的视角比较分析中原地区二里头文化生业经济的联系、区别和变化。研究表明,漯河地区二里头文化时期人的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值为-8.4‰±2.0‰和9.2‰±0.4‰（n=4）,猪的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值为-7.5‰±1.3‰和7.3‰±0.7‰（n=14）,狗的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值为-8.9‰±1.7‰和7.7‰±1.0‰（n=4）,黄牛的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值为-9.8‰±1.9‰和6.0‰±1.4‰（n=8）,绵羊的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值为-11.2‰和5.6‰（n=2）,山羊的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值为-15.0‰和6.0‰（n=1）,大中型鹿的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值为-16.9‰±3.3‰和5.5‰±1.9‰（n=7）,小型鹿的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值为-21.5‰±0.1‰和4.3‰±1.2‰（n=4）。综合同位素与动、植物考古分析结果,当时漯河地区自然植被基本为C₃植物,先民主食亦即农业以C₄作物粟为主、黍为辅,家畜中猪和狗主要喂以人类残食,黄牛、绵羊和山羊则喂以不同比重的C₄植物,很可能来自粟黍的秸秆类副产品,并且黄牛基本为圈养,绵羊和新出现的山羊则采取圈养加放养的混合管理方式,另有部分大中型鹿可能也被人工喂养。比较而言,漯河地区和中原地区的生业经济形态整体相近;以粟为主的旱作农业普遍占绝对主导,目前仅在偃师二里头遗址中发现稻粟并重的农业结构,充分凸显出都邑聚落的特殊性;家畜除了猪、狗、黄牛、绵羊以及部分喂养的大中型鹿之外新增山羊,并且牛和羊的圈养程度与管理规范性相比之前均有明显提升,在外围的漯河地区尤为显著。二里头文化的生业经济形态整体呈现出规范化的趋势,并且很可能由环嵩山一带的中原核心区向外围区推广,或许作为二里头文化着力打破旧格局和树立新秩序的重要整饬举措之一。

     

多孔介质中非均匀流动特性的染色示踪试验研究

通过土壤染色剂进行的4组试验,对不同介质结构条件下的水流和溶质非均匀运动规律,非均匀流动变异信息分布特征关系以及全局性非均匀流动示踪方法进行了研究。结果表明,即使在相对比较均匀的介质条件下,流动也表现出明显的非均匀特性;对数正态分布能够较好的反映水流的运动分布模式,相比水流运动,溶质的运动和分布规律明显不同,表现出更多的不确定性和变异性。     

SVLBI用于大地测量的卫星轨道及其跟踪网设计

SVLBI （space very long baseline interferometry） has some important potential applications in geodesy and geodynamics, for which one of the most difficult tasks is to precisely determine the orbit of an SVLBI satellite. This work studies several technologies that will possibly be able to determine the orbit of a space VLBI satellite. Then, according to the types and charac- teristics of the satellite and the requirements for geodetic study and the geometry of the GNSS （GPS, GALILEO） satellite to track the space VLBI satellite, the six Keplerian elements of the SVLBI satellite （TEST-SVLBI） are determined. A program is designed to analyze the coverage area of space of different altitudes by the stations of the network, with which the tracking network of TEST-SVLBI is designed. The efficiency of tracking TEST-SVLBI by the network is studied, and the results are presented.     

改进的能量守恒方法及其在CHAMP重力场恢复中的应用

An efficient method for gravity field determination from CHAMP orbits and accelerometer data is referred to as the energy balance approach. A new CHAMP gravity field recovery strategy based on the improved energy balance approach IS developed in this paper. The method simultaneously solves the spherical harmonic coefficients, daily Integration constant, scale and bias parameters. Two 60 degree and order gravitational potential models, XISM-CHAMPO1S from the classical energy balance approach, and XISM-CHAMPO2S from the improved energy balance, are determined using about one year＇s worth of CHAMP kinematic orbits from TUM and accelerometer data from GFZ. Comparisons among XISM-CHAMPO1S, XISM-CHAMPO2S, EIGEN-CGO3C, EIGEN-CHAMPO3S, EIGEN2, ENIGNIS and EGM96 are made. The results show that the XISM-CHAMPO2S model is more accurate than EGM96, EIGENIS, EIGEN2 and XISM-CHAMPO1S at the same degree and order, and has almost the same accuracy as EIGEN-CHAMPO3S.     

空间数据库辅助设计系统的探析与实现

地理信息标准化是很漫长的道路,在实践中常常由于规范性的缺乏而带来很多问题.本文试从提高数据字典的通用性、灵活性和可维护性角度出发,提出了通用基础地理信息数据字典系统的概念,并从规范数据生产过程的角度出发,产生了建立一套全新独立的、由向导生成的数据字典建库方案流程的思路.最后根据以上思路研制开发了空间数据库辅助设计系统.     

利用CODE新光压模型的精密定轨研究

采用新光压模型ECOMC和ECOM-9,分别使用5种IGU精密超快速星历进行精密定轨,以最终IGS精密星历作为真值,比较GPS卫星的定轨精度.结果 表明,相较于ECOM-9光压模型,ECOMC光压模型能够提升卫星径向、切向和法向的轨道精度,其中径向提升较为明显;对比5种IGU超快速精密星历的定轨结果,ECOMC光压模型...     

TriP软件非差几何法精密定轨精度分析

以TriP软件作为非差定轨解算的软件,通过设置不同的截止高度角和采用不同的定权策略,解算了部分GRACE卫星的星载接收机实测数据,通过结果分析得到了较优的截止高度角和定权函数估计策略。利用TriP软件采用较优的估计策略解算得到了4个月的GRACE卫星定轨结果,将其与JPL中心提供的轨道进行了对比分析。结果表明,TriP软件的几何学定轨精度为5～6 cm,与目前国内外几何学定轨精度在同一量级。     

A new standardized Palmer drought index for hydro‐meteorological use

Accepting the concept of standardization introduced by the standardized precipitation index, similar methodologies have been developed to construct some other standardized drought indices such as the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). In this study, the authors provided deep insight into the SPEI and recognized potential deficiencies/limitations in relating to the climatic water balance it used. By coupling another well‐known Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), we proposed a new standardized Palmer drought index (SPDI) through a moisture departure probabilistic approach, which allows multi‐scalar calculation for accurate temporal and spatial comparison of the hydro‐meteorological conditions of different locations. Using datasets of monthly precipitation, temperature and soil available water capacity, the moisture deficit/surplus was calculated at multiple temporal scales, and a couple of techniques were adopted to adjust corresponding time series to a generalized extreme value distribution out of several candidates. Results of the historical records (1900–2012) for diverse climates by multiple indices showed that the SPDI was highly consistent and correlated with the SPEI and self‐calibrated PDSI at most analysed time scales. Furthermore, a simple experiment of hypothetical temperature and/or precipitation change scenarios also verified the effectiveness of this newly derived SPDI in response to climate change impacts. Being more robust and preferable in spatial consistency and comparability as well as combining the simplicity of calculation with sufficient accounting of the physical nature of water supply and demand relating to droughts, the SPDI is promising to serve as a competent reference and an alternative for drought assessment and monitoring. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北斗卫星导航系统双差动力法精密定轨及其精度分析

针对GEO卫星切向轨道分量与双差模糊度强相关的问题,对经典双差动力法进行了改进,提出联合使用载波相位和相位平滑伪距实现北斗系统精密定轨,并从理论上分析了以上处理策略的可行性及对模糊度固定的影响,然后结合北斗系统精密定轨特点,推导给出了利用QIF方法实现北斗卫星双差模糊度固定的基本原理,实测数据分析表明:联合载波相位和相位平滑伪距,既可降低相关性,又可兼顾精度,定轨效果优于经典双差动力法;利用QIF方法能够取得一定的模糊度固定效果,但受观测条件限制,北斗卫星双差模糊度固定成功率整体不高,双差模糊度固定之后对轨道的改进作用有限。     

经验加速度补偿对HY-2A卫星精密定轨的影响

针对HY-2A卫星定轨中存在系统误差的问题,该文提出了加入经验加速度补偿系统误差。为了获得HY-2A卫星的高精度轨道,采用星载DORIS距离变率数据探索了经验加速度对定轨精度的影响。探讨了1d、3d和7d作为经验加速度周期的定轨精度差异,分析了3d作为经验加速度周期时在径向、法向和切向3个方向设置经验加速度对定轨精度的不同影响。研究结果表明:HY-2A卫星在径向和切向不存在系统误差,而在法向存在系统误差,因而在法向设置经验加速度进行力学模型补偿能够取得较好的定轨结果;3d作为经验加速度的补偿周期较为合适,不仅能够减少解算参数个数,缩短计算时间,而且径向定轨精度可达到1.00cm,满足HY-2A卫星精密定轨需求。