A combined simulation–genetic algorithm optimization model for optimal rule curves of a reservoir: a case study of the Nam Oon Irrigation Project,Thailand

A combined simulation–genetic algorithm (GA) optimization model is developed to determine optimal reservoir operational rule curves of the Nam Oon Reservoir and Irrigation Project in Thailand. The GA and simulation models operate in parallel over time with interactions through their solution procedure. A GA is selected as an optimization model, instead of traditional techniques, owing to its powerful and robust performance and simplicity in combining with a simulation technique. A GA is different from conventional optimization techniques in the way that it uses objective function information and does not require its derivatives, whereas in real‐world optimization problems the search space may include discontinuities and may often include a number of sub‐optimum peaks. This may cause difficulties for calculus‐based and enumerative schemes, but not in a GA. The simulation model is run to determine the net system benefit associated with state and control variables. The combined simulation–GA model is applied to determine the optimal upper and lower rule curves on a monthly basis for the Nam Oon Reservoir, Thailand. The objective function is maximum net system benefit subject to given constraints for three scenarios of cultivated areas. The monthly release is calculated by the simulation model in accordance with the given release policy, which depends on water demand. The optimal upper and lower rule curves are compared with the results of the HEC‐3 model (Reservoir System Analysis for Conservation model) calculated by the Royal Irrigation Department, Thailand, and those obtained using the standard operating policy. It was found that the optimal rule curves yield the maximum benefit and minimum damages caused by floods and water shortages. The combined simulation–GA model shows an excellent performance in terms of its optimization results and efficient computation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西秦岭铜矿区域地球化学研究

对西秦岭地区4种主要成因类型铜矿的区域地球化学研究证明,在2个铜矿床或矿(化)点上很少显示铜或其它元素的浓集区.通过对甘肃南部碧口群分布地区主要铜矿产出的地球化学环境的分析认为,西秦岭地区各类型铜矿指示元素反映的是相应铜矿类型的区域地质建造,最佳指示元素则反映的是含矿地质建造.碧口群分布区的已知具规模的铜矿床及新探明的伐子坝中型铜矿均位于本区火山喷发沉积型铜矿的最佳指示元素所指示的有利部位.     

关于深基坑土钉支护设计中几个问题的探讨

在深基坑土钉支护设计中,目前存在着混乱的现象,如何既经济又安全可靠地设计土钉支护方案成为岩土工程界一个关键而又迫切的问题。本文从土钉受力及基坑变形控制等方面出发,对土钉支护中几个关键性问题进行了较为详细的分析,提出了土钉支护设计中土钉长度、间距的确定思想,并对其他一些问题做了较为详细的分析与探讨。     

China summer precipitation simulations using an optimal ensemble of cumulus schemes

RegCM3 (REGional Climate Model) simulations of precipitation in China in 1991 and 1998 are very sensitive to the cumulus parameterization. Among the four schemes available, none has superior skills over the whole of China, but each captures certain observed signals in distinct regions. The Grell scheme with the Fritsch-Chappell closure produces the smallest biases over the North; the Grell scheme with the Arakawa-Schubert closure performs the best over the southeast of 100°E; the Anthes-Kuo scheme is superior over the northeast; and the Emanuel scheme is more realistic over the southwest of 100°E and along the Yangtze River Basin. These differences indicate a strong degree of independence and complementarity between the parameterizations. As such, an ensemble is developed from the four schemes, whose relative contributions or weights are optimized locally to yield overall minimum root-mean-square errors from observed daily precipitation. The skill gain is evaluated by applying the identical distribution of the weights in a different period. It is shown that the ensemble always produces gross biases that are smaller than the individual schemes in both 1991 and 1998. The ensemble, however, cannot eliminate the large rainfall deficits over the southwest of 100°E and along the Yangtze River Basin that are systematic across all schemes. Further improve-ments can be made by a super-ensemble based on more cumulus schemes and/or multiple models.     

Extension of subset simulation approach for uncertainty propagation and global sensitivity analysis

The subset simulation (SS) method is a probabilistic approach which is devoted to efficiently calculating a small failure probability. Contrary to Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) methodology which is very time-expensive when evaluating a small failure probability, the SS method has the advantage of assessing the small failure probability in a much shorter time. However, this approach does not provide any information about the probability density function (PDF) of the system response. In addition, it does not provide any information about the contribution of each input uncertain parameter in the variability of this response. Finally, the SS approach cannot be used to calculate the partial safety factors which are generally obtained from a reliability analysis. To overcome these shortcomings, the SS approach is combined herein with the Collocation-based Stochastic Response Surface Method (CSRSM) to compute these outputs. This combination is carried out by using the different values of the system response obtained by the SS approach for the determination of the unknown coefficients of the polynomial chaos expansion in CSRSM. An example problem that involves the computation of the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing is presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed procedure. The validation of the present method is performed by comparison with MCS methodology applied on the original deterministic model. Finally, a probabilistic parametric study is presented and discussed.     

济南市水资源概况及开发利用初探

综合分析济南的气候、自然、地理,尤其是水文地质条件,根据济南水资源基本特征与资源量,认为济南市水资源总量相对充足,水资源供求的突出矛盾集中体现为供水结构不合理、水资源开发利用不合理。结合济南市的水资源特征,制定了保障济南市水资源可持续利用方案及相应措施。     

防治土壤盐碱化最优灌排模型

将作物临界土壤含盐量和地下水临界埋深等概念应用于防治灌区土壤盐碱化最优规划,提出了非线性规划最优灌排模型.以新疆巩留县团结灌区灌排工程为实例,求解了不同年型(P=20%、50%、75%、95%)的防治土壤盐碱化灌排优化决策,求得的灌排水量、淋洗水量、作物生长季节土壤盐分动态变化及地下水位年内调控过程等结果,与灌区实际情况拟合较好.     

地震波场模拟中的褶积微分算子法

褶积微分算子是将偏导数算子的带限傅氏谱进行反傅氏变换得到的,具有对称或反对称和衰减速度快的特点。根据频谱分析理论,选用序列在结束时能光滑趋于零的截断窗口将褶积算子截断,结合考虑微分算子守恒定律,将褶积算子中心值进行修正,得到适合于波场模拟的最优权系数。给出用褶积微分算子模拟声波波场的实现途径与实例。理论分析与模型试算证明了褶积微分算子法的正确性与有效性。     

基于统一强度理论的土石坝边坡稳定分析遗传算法

将非线性统一强度理论应用于土石坝边坡稳定分析中,考虑坝体各应力分量包括中间主应力对土质材料强度的影响,以区别于传统土石坝稳定分析中仅考虑剪切和拉伸极限强度的极限平衡法。提出了一个土石坝边坡稳定优化分析模型,并采用最优化遗传算法对土石坝边坡进行断裂面优化搜索。研究表明,统一强度理论中反映中间主应力效应系数值变化对坝体稳定安全系数有显著影响。利用遗传算法对土石坝边坡稳定进行分析时,不必事先假定滑裂面的形状,根据土石坝非线性统一强度理论的剪裂破坏准则进行滑裂面搜索。针对常规最优化方法容易陷入局部最优解的缺陷,基于MATLAB遗传算法工具箱对土石坝边坡稳定性进行分析,分析结果表明,统一强度理论结合遗传算法能克服常规最优化方法在寻优过程中一些缺陷,计算结果更自然合理。     

基因算法在水利电力系统优化问题中的应用综述

介绍了基因算法的基本思想和计算原理,从水资源优化规划及管理、水污染控制系统规划,水电站优化调度以及电源优化规划、输配电系统优化规划、机组最优组合、电力系统经济调度与优化运行等几方面,综述了基因算法的应用研究现状和动态,指出了存在的问题以及有待更进一步研究的方向.