Physiology of Laminaria

Abstract. Sporophytes of Laminaria digitata and L. saccharina were collected from the shore at different times of year. Intact sporophytes of both species, and discs cut from L. digitata lamina tissue were maintained for several weeks in laboratory cultures under various nitrate, phosphate, temperature and daylength regimes. Substrate-saturated uptake rates of approximately 24 μgN g dry weight^-1 h^-1 from 20 μM nitrate and 8 μgP g dry weight^-1 h^-1 from 10 μM phosphate were more than sufficient to account for internal nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation. Other nitrogen sources - nitrite, ammonium and urea - were also taken up, independently of each other, and supported growth. During the late spring decline of ambient nutrient levels, when growth rates on the shore also decline markedly, enrichment with nitrate (15 μM) and phosphate (3μ) together prevented this decline and also maintained peak photosynthetic rates (net photosynthesis = 10.4 μlO₂ cm^-2 h^-1) which otherwise dropped to 4.5 μO₂ cm^-2 h^-1 over 47 days at ambient nutrient levels (0.5 μM nitrate and phosphate). Slow summer growth rates in June/July were enhanced to greater than spring peak values by combined nitrate (7.5 μM) and phosphate (1.8 μM) enrichment; neither was sufficient alone, although the individual nutrients were accumulated internally. A lesser, but significant enhancement was also achieved in September. In midwinter, nutrient enhancement itself (10.5 μM nitrate and 3.0 μM phosphate) had a small effect on growth rates only if summer water temperature (15°C) was used, but the dramatic effect of an increased photoperiod (7.5 to 17.5 h) was in excess of that expected for the increased radiant energy available. This was found to be due, at least in L. digitaia discs, to the re-establishment of a surface meristoderm in the dormant winter tissue; this was particularly active with high phosphate supply. Growth of the new lamina in January on the shore was much reduced if the old lamina was removed, although the time of initiation of new growth remained unchanged. In the laboratory, the old lamina was found to be a source of nitrogen for new lamina but not of fixed carbon or phosphorus. New lamina photosynthesis, manifest as mannitol accumulation, was directly proportional to phosphate supply up to at least 7.5 μM phosphate. Mannitol accumulation was then suppressed by a nitrate supply above 12 um, presumably by diversion of fixed carbon to other biosynthetic pathways.     

海水入侵的实验研究

在海岸含水层中,含较多盐分的海水向陆地方向入侵形成淡-咸水交界面,通常称为海水入侵界面。该界面的动态变化受气象、水文地质和人类活动等因素的影响,是海水入侵问题的主要研究内容。本文介绍了海水向含水层中入侵的室内实验研究,以着色海水和图像处理方法获得入侵界面的形态及其动态变化。实验方法先进,所得数据整体性强,精度高,而且观测方法对流场没有干扰,比传统的提取水样进行化验的方法更有效。实验中模拟了海洋潮汐条件,揭示了入侵界面在不同实验条件下的动态特征。应用数值模拟方法揭示了流场的特征。计算表明,流场分两个区———淡水区和咸水区,由入侵界面分开。淡水区的水流相对活跃,淡水由入侵界面以上区域渗出边界,在界面以上形成淡水通道。     

Laboratory Generation of Solitary Waves: An Inversion Technique to Improve Available Methods简

Solitary waves are often used in laboratory experiments to study tsunamis propagation and interaction with coasts. However, the experimental shape of the waves may differ from the theoretical one. In this paper, a correction technique aiming at minimizing the discrepancies between the two profiles is presented. Laboratory experiments reveal their effectiveness in correcting the experimental shape of solitary waves, mainly for low nonlinearities.     

生产堤溃决后漫滩水流的概化模型试验研究

黄河下游主槽两侧修建的生产堤通常仅能抵御中小洪水,用于保护滩区农田与村庄安全;当遭遇大洪水引发生产堤溃决时,漫滩洪水会严重威胁滩区群众的生命财产安全。当前研究溃堤洪水的传播过程与演进机理多采用数值模拟,而原型观测及模型试验成果十分有限。通过溃堤漫滩洪水的概化模型试验,模拟了生产堤溃决后主槽内的水位变化及不同程度漫滩洪水的传播过程。试验结果表明:(1)溃堤后漫滩水流以涨水波的形式向滩区迅速传播,主槽内水位具有先降低,然后维持稳定,再升高,最后趋于稳定的变化过程,且溃口上、下游水位变化速率不同;滩区水位总体表现为持续升高,最后趋于稳定的趋势。(2)漫滩洪水波的波前到达时间主要与滩区地形及距溃口的距离有关,波前首先以溃口为中心呈近似对称式椭圆形分布,而后转变为非对称分布;溃堤水流在滩区传播过程中伴有水跃发生,水跃发生的位置由距溃口较远处逐渐趋向溃口位置。(3)溃口流量与溃口内外水位差直接相关,呈先减小、然后维持稳定、再减小最后为0的变化特性。研究成果不仅可以提升对溃堤洪水在滩区演进规律的认识,丰富溃堤洪水动力学理论,还可为数学模型验证提供实测资料。     

Laboratory simulation of water-resources conservation by means of the layout of a series of ponds along a streambank

 The purpose of this research is to describe a water-storage method that is more reliable than reservoirs, and to study the efficacy of interception and storage of surface runoff in ponds. In this method, a series of ponds is laid out along a streambank so that interception of surface runoff can be increased and more water can be stored in the wet season for use in the dry season. The simulated results show that the structure of a pond, vegetation and the extent of land development, topographic slope, and the degree to which a pond penetrates an aquifer affect the efficacy of interception and storage of surface runoff in ponds. Received, May 1996 Revised, July 1997, March 1998 Accepted, October 1997     

中国全球化海洋战略研究

制定全球化海洋战略不仅是我国海洋强国建设的重要举措,也是服务海洋经济全方位对外开放的实际需求,更是我国海洋事业发展的必然趋势。基于价值观的演变,开展中国全球化海洋战略的战略背景分析,并探讨了全球化海洋战略的内涵;从维护国家安全、促进经济和环境可持续发展、寻求外线突破和参与全球海洋治理等方面,深入论述了全球化海洋战略对中国的战略性意义;探索了中国全球化海洋战略在四大洋整体布局框架,并讨论了其战略目标及战略手段。最后,从战略理念、法律法规、机制体制、国际合作、科技支撑与海洋文化等角度提出对策建议。     

岩溶突水治理浆材的试验研究

以深部地下工程的加固和高压突水治理为研究对象,对一种新型化学注浆材料的化学反应封堵机制进行了可行性分析,并针对化学浆液的流动性、渗透性、抗冲刷性以及固结体的强度、水质毒理等因素进行了室内试验研究,详细地分析了浆液的物理化学特征,给出了浆液最佳配比值以及相应的性能指标。结合高压突水工程实例,开展现场注浆封堵试验,检验浆材用于突水封堵治理的可行性,并与超细水泥、水泥-水玻璃、尿醛树脂等常见注浆材料的封堵效果进行对比。试验结果表明：该化学浆液具有反应块、强度高、抗冲刷性强、无毒以及良好的渗透性和遇水膨胀功能,在现场应用中表现出良好的可控性和可泵性以及理想的注浆效果,与水泥类和一些常用化学浆材相比,具有运输快捷、配料方便、工艺简单的优点,所得结论对后续研究具有重要借鉴意义。     

Flow separation at the inner (convex) and outer (concave) banks of constant‐width and widening open‐channel bends

There is a paucity of data and insight in the mechanisms of, and controls on flow separation and recirculation at natural sharply‐curved river bends. Herein we report on successful laboratory experiments that elucidate flow structure in one constant‐width bend and a second bend with an outer‐bank widening. The experiments were performed with both a flat immobile gravel bed and mobile sand bed with dominant bedload sediment transport. In the constant‐width bend with immobile bed, a zone of mainly horizontal flow separation (vertical rotational axis) formed at the inner bank that did not contain detectable flow recirculation, and an outer‐bank cell of secondary flow with streamwise oriented rotational axis. Surprisingly, the bend with widening at the outer bank and immobile bed did not lead to a transverse expansion of the flow. Rather, flow in the outer‐bank widening weakly recirculated around a vertical axis and hardly interacted with the inner part of the bend, which behaved as a constant‐width bend. In the mobile bed experiment, downstream of the bend apex a pronounced depositional bar developed at the inside of the bend and pronounced scour occurred at the outside. Moreover the deformed bed promoted flow separation over the bar, including return currents. In the constant‐width bend, the topographic steering impeded the generation of an outer‐bank cell of secondary flow. In the bend with outer‐bank widening, the topographic steering induced an outward expansion of the flow, whereby the major part of the discharge was conveyed in the central part of the widening section. Flow in the outer‐bank widening was highly three dimensional and included return currents near the bottom. In conclusion, the experiments elucidated three distinct processes of flow separation common in sharp bends: flow separation at the inner bank, an outer‐bank cell of secondary flow, and flow separation and recirculation in an outer‐bank widening. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天津滨海新区的发展战略与思考

推进天津滨海新区开发开放,是新世纪新阶段党中央、国务院从我国经济社会发展全局出发作出的重要战略部署。面对新的形势和新的要求,只有把握机遇、更新理念、提高素质,坚持“全方位零距离”服务,才能顺应时代潮流,为新区建设作出贡献。     

水压致裂起裂压力的细观离散元模拟及试验研究

水压致裂起裂压力的预测对于油气开采、地应力测量、水工结构物抗裂设计等具有重要的意义。采用颗粒离散元结合域-管道渗流模型的流固耦合非连续数值模拟方法,基于扩展前端法生成的含规则形状钻孔的颗粒体模型,对水压致裂的细观起裂过程和起裂压力大小进行了定量模拟。结果表明,在消除了颗粒体中钻孔形状不规则性的基础上,钻孔壁的接触力链分布与理论解较为一致,拟合的离散元起裂压力公式也与理论解较为接近。进一步地,从颗粒材料受挤压时产生局部张拉力的角度解释了起裂压力拟合公式与理论解之间的差别。最后,设计了含预制钻孔的抗渗砂浆试块制备方法,对不同主应力组合下的起裂压力大小进行了真三轴室内试验,验证了离散元模拟结果的可靠性。