基础地理数据更新生产模式探讨

随着现代化建设的快速发展,地理信息产业得到了蓬勃发展。当前GIS的核心已从单纯的数据生产转为面向更新的数据生产。本文对当前基础地理数据更新生产的模式和技术方法的发展趋势进行分析,并结合基础地理数据更新生产的特点,从应用角度对更新生产中的方案制作和数据转换技术进行探讨。     

Simulation of floor response spectra in shake table experiments

Among several different experimental techniques, used to test the response of structures and to verify their seismic performance, the shake table testing allows to reproduce the conditions of true effects of earthquake ground motions in order to challenge complex model structures and systems. However, the reproduction of dynamic signals, due to the dynamics of the shake table and of the specimen, is usually imperfect even though closed‐loop control in a shake table system is used to reduce these errors and obtain the best fidelity reproduction. Furthermore, because of the dynamic amplifications in the specimen, the signal recorded at desired locations could be completely different from the expected effect of shake table motion. This paper focuses on the development of practical shake table simulations using additional ‘open loop’ feedforward compensation in form of inverse transfer functions (i.e. the ratio of the output structural response to an input base motion in the frequency domain) in order to obtain an acceptable reproduction of desired acceleration histories at specific locations in the specimen. As the first step, a well‐known global feedforward procedure is reformulated for the compensation of the table motion distortions due to the servo‐hydraulic system. Subsequently, the same concept is extended to the table‐structure system to adjust the shake table input in order to achieve a desired response spectrum at any floor of the specimen. Implementations show how such a method can be used in any experimental facility. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定黄铁矿和黄铜矿中的铁铜硫

样品用王水水浴和HCl-HNO3-HF-HClO4敞开酸溶两种溶矿方式分解,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定黄铜矿和黄铁矿中铁、铜、硫。应用称重法配制标准溶液,明显地降低了在标准溶液在逐级稀释过程中由于体积读数等原因产生的误差。样品用王水水浴分解,消解时间短,试剂加入量少,分析步骤简单;由于硫化矿石中Fe的一部分可能与Si结合,王水无法将其全部溶解,对于Fe的测定采用混合酸敞开酸溶。王水水浴溶矿方式选择浓王水作为溶剂,在混合酸敞开溶矿方式的溶解盐类阶段选择浓HCl作为溶剂。确定了ICP-AES法测定高含量(x%～xx%)的铁、铜、硫适用的光谱谱线,稀释倍数为1000。两种样品处理方法操作简便,准确度好,精密度高。经国家一级标准物质GBW 07267(黄铁矿)、GBW 07268(黄铜矿)验证,经混合酸敞开酸溶处理后硫的测定结果偏低,准确度分别为-9.48%和-18%,铁和铜的精密度(RSD,n=5)均小于2%。GBW 07268(黄铁矿)、GBW 07267(黄铜矿)用王水水浴法处理,连续测定10次的短期稳定性,精密度(RSD)小于2%。     

开放系统下饱和正冻土热质迁移的数值分析

引人Heaviside阶梯函数和Z函数使得冻结区和未冻区的导水系数、导热系数、体积热容量和土水势可以用统一的公式表达,提出了开放系统下饱和土在冻结过程中热质迁移的数学模型．对一个侧面绝热的圆柱土样的热质迁移过程进行了计算机模拟,结果表明：温度变化速率、冻结速率和温度梯度随时间减小,在冻结锋面附件温度分布曲线有拐点,冻结...     

裸眼侧钻关键技术的研究与应用

裸眼侧钻技术是最常用的钻井工艺技术之一,但若对侧钻技术不熟悉或侧钻方法单一,往往导致侧钻周期长、损失井段多、工具和仪器损耗大,甚至造成侧钻失败。分析了裸眼侧钻的几个关键问题;给出了选择侧钻点的依据;结合井底力学分析模型,评价和优选出最佳的侧钻工具;在对比控压和控时两种侧钻方式优缺点的基础上,绘制出侧钻方式选择图,便于施工人员灵活选择侧钻工艺。用一口井的侧钻施工实例,阐述了上述关键技术的具体应用情况。     

康家湾铅锌矿区ZK1122号孔裸孔钻探技术

为确保实现康家湾矿区ZK1122号钻孔的全孔裸孔施工,在普通地层钻进时,使用了低固相泥浆,适当加入润滑剂,以减少摩擦阻力;在水敏性地层钻进时,使用了强抑制剂维护孔壁稳定;在应力异常地层钻进时,使用了加重泥浆;同时根据地层的不同和施工深度的不同,选用了不同的钻具组合,钻至深部地层时,选用了厚壁岩心管、长胎体的阶梯钻头,并增加了扩孔器和扶正器的数量,以保证深部钻探时的施工安全和施工效率。通过采取严格钻探规程和现场管理等一系列措施,完成了复杂地层条件下的深孔裸孔钻探施工任务,为今后在金属矿深部施工,特别是危机矿山＂攻深找盲＂项目提供了一种比较可行的钻探技术。     

What role do beds of submerged macrophytes play in structuring estuarine fish assemblages? Lessons from a warm-temperate South African estuary

Habitat variability is one of the factors influencing species richness within estuarine systems, and a loss of habitat can result in a restructuring of the estuarine ichthyofaunal assemblage, particularly if these conditions persist over long time periods. The potential effects of the loss of extensive submerged macrophyte beds (Ruppia cirrhosa and Potamogeton pectinatus) on an estuarine fish assemblage were investigated through an analysis of a long-term seine net catch dataset from the temporarily open/closed East Kleinemonde Estuary, South Africa. Catch data for a 12-year period, encompassing six years of macrophyte presence and six years of macrophyte senescence, indicated that the loss of this habitat did not influence species richness but changes in the relative abundance of certain species were evident. A shift in dominance from vegetation-associated species to those associated with sandy environments (e.g. members of the family Mugilidae) was observed. However, species wholly dependent on macrophytes such as the critically endangered estuarine pipefish Syngnathus watermeyeri were only recorded during years when macrophyte beds were present, while vegetation-associated species such as the sparid Rhabdosargus holubi persisted at lower levels of relative abundance. The reduced abundance of all vegetation-associated fish species during years of macrophyte senescence was probably reflective of declining food resources resulting from the loss of macrophyte beds and/or increased vulnerability to predation. Submerged beds of aquatic plants are therefore important habitats within temporarily open/closed estuaries, South Africa’s dominant estuary type.     

结合空间位置和语义匹配的多源房屋灾害数据融合

自然灾害综合风险普查工作中,房屋灾害信息数据来源众多,为调查底库快速建库带来很大挑战。本文针对多源房屋数据难以快速提取融合的问题,基于地理空间位置的信息匹配和基于地理空间语义的信息匹配等技术,通过空间数据提取、房屋建筑增补绘、属性信息匹配、属性信息选择,实现了房屋建筑多源信息快速自动融合,为自然灾害普查工作提供了可靠翔实的房屋建筑数据底板。实践证明,该技术成果数据准确可靠,可有效提升自然灾害风险普查工作效率,大量降低人工成本。     

基于词嵌入的地理知识库实体类别对齐方法研究

地理知识库是地理实体及其相互间关系的集合,对于智能搜索、问答、推荐等知识服务有重要的支撑作用。然而,已有的地理知识库由于来源、形式、构建者等的不同,在实体地名、空间位置、类别等方面存在“同义异形”和“同形异义”的语义异构现象,影响了地理知识库间的知识融合与共享。语义对齐是解决语义异构的一种有效方法,其中实体类别对齐是语义对齐的基础,对于提高实体地名和空间位置的对齐精度具有重要作用。现有的实体类别对齐方法主要采用传统的字符相似度和结构相似度等来度量类别的相似度,无法捕捉实体类别深层次的语义相关性,从而影响了类别对齐的精确性。因此,本文提出了一种基于词嵌入的地理实体类别对齐方法,采用词嵌入模型从语料中学习实体类别的语义信息,并通过词向量来表达,以此弥补现有方法存在的缺失,进而提升实体对齐精度。进一步地,通过通用语料与地理信息语料的融合,本文实现了词嵌入模型所用语料在地理语义方面的增强,从而更精准地度量地理实体类别间的相关性。不同地理知识库实体类别对齐的实验表明,本文提出的方法能够有效捕捉地理实体类别的深层次语义信息,其实体类别对齐的调和平均值（Fl）可达0.9568,有效提高了实体类别的对齐精度。     

Homogenized Hertzsprung‐Russell diagram for the open cluster NGC 188

We considered some selected published stellar catalogues with B – V and V values for the open cluster NGC 188 and estimated the errors from data comparisons. The results are used to homogenize the data by averaging with weights inversely proportional to the errors squared. A recent calibration by Casagrande et al. (2010) of B – V versus effective temperatures for F, G, and K dwarfs and subgiants is used to produce the homogenized effective temperatures for the cluster stars. A homogenized Hertzsprung‐Russell diagram (relationship between the effective temperatures and the absolute magnitudes) is presented and analysed. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)