数字地理空间框架建设的形势与任务

数字地理空间框架建设是推进国土资源信息化和构建数字中国的重要基础性工作,是测绘部门面临的紧迫任务。本文总结了十一五以来数字地理空间框架建设取得的主要进展,分析了存在的主要问题和面临的机遇挑战,研究提出了下一步数字地理空间框架建设的基本思路、主要任务和对策措施。     

基础地理数据更新生产模式探讨

随着现代化建设的快速发展,地理信息产业得到了蓬勃发展。当前GIS的核心已从单纯的数据生产转为面向更新的数据生产。本文对当前基础地理数据更新生产的模式和技术方法的发展趋势进行分析,并结合基础地理数据更新生产的特点,从应用角度对更新生产中的方案制作和数据转换技术进行探讨。     

裸眼侧钻关键技术的研究与应用

裸眼侧钻技术是最常用的钻井工艺技术之一,但若对侧钻技术不熟悉或侧钻方法单一,往往导致侧钻周期长、损失井段多、工具和仪器损耗大,甚至造成侧钻失败。分析了裸眼侧钻的几个关键问题;给出了选择侧钻点的依据;结合井底力学分析模型,评价和优选出最佳的侧钻工具;在对比控压和控时两种侧钻方式优缺点的基础上,绘制出侧钻方式选择图,便于施工人员灵活选择侧钻工艺。用一口井的侧钻施工实例,阐述了上述关键技术的具体应用情况。     

康家湾铅锌矿区ZK1122号孔裸孔钻探技术

为确保实现康家湾矿区ZK1122号钻孔的全孔裸孔施工,在普通地层钻进时,使用了低固相泥浆,适当加入润滑剂,以减少摩擦阻力;在水敏性地层钻进时,使用了强抑制剂维护孔壁稳定;在应力异常地层钻进时,使用了加重泥浆;同时根据地层的不同和施工深度的不同,选用了不同的钻具组合,钻至深部地层时,选用了厚壁岩心管、长胎体的阶梯钻头,并增加了扩孔器和扶正器的数量,以保证深部钻探时的施工安全和施工效率。通过采取严格钻探规程和现场管理等一系列措施,完成了复杂地层条件下的深孔裸孔钻探施工任务,为今后在金属矿深部施工,特别是危机矿山＂攻深找盲＂项目提供了一种比较可行的钻探技术。     

基于多源空间数据的河道水域变化监测方法研究

近年来,随着经济社会的快速发展,河道水域占用情况日益增多,严重影响河道防洪、排涝等正常水域功能的发挥。以浙江省省级河道为例,以覆盖浙江全省的高分辨率航片、省级基础地理信息数据等多源空间数据为基础,结合测绘和水利标准,提出基于多源空间数据的河道水域变化监测方法。方法充分利用高精度的基础测绘空间数据,保证成果的可靠性,同时符合水利部门的规定,能够满足水利部门的实际需要。研究结果表明,2008-2012年间,浙江省省级河道水域减少情况严重,主要减少类型为建设用地。方法为水利部门全面、客观地掌握水域的无序占用情况提供了一种有效手段。     

基于Web Service和Mashup技术的地理空间框架建设研究

介绍了Web Service和Mashup技术的特点以及这两项技术在地理空间服务方面的应用前景,并将二者引入到地理空间框架建设的技术应用中,为地理空间框架的建设提供新的思路和解决方案。     

基于词嵌入的地理知识库实体类别对齐方法研究

地理知识库是地理实体及其相互间关系的集合,对于智能搜索、问答、推荐等知识服务有重要的支撑作用。然而,已有的地理知识库由于来源、形式、构建者等的不同,在实体地名、空间位置、类别等方面存在“同义异形”和“同形异义”的语义异构现象,影响了地理知识库间的知识融合与共享。语义对齐是解决语义异构的一种有效方法,其中实体类别对齐是语义对齐的基础,对于提高实体地名和空间位置的对齐精度具有重要作用。现有的实体类别对齐方法主要采用传统的字符相似度和结构相似度等来度量类别的相似度,无法捕捉实体类别深层次的语义相关性,从而影响了类别对齐的精确性。因此,本文提出了一种基于词嵌入的地理实体类别对齐方法,采用词嵌入模型从语料中学习实体类别的语义信息,并通过词向量来表达,以此弥补现有方法存在的缺失,进而提升实体对齐精度。进一步地,通过通用语料与地理信息语料的融合,本文实现了词嵌入模型所用语料在地理语义方面的增强,从而更精准地度量地理实体类别间的相关性。不同地理知识库实体类别对齐的实验表明,本文提出的方法能够有效捕捉地理实体类别的深层次语义信息,其实体类别对齐的调和平均值（Fl）可达0.9568,有效提高了实体类别的对齐精度。     

An open source toolkit for identifying comparative space-time research questions

Comparative space-time thinking lies at the heart of spatiotemporally integrated social sciences. The multiple dimensions and scales of socioeconomic dynamics pose numerous challenges for the application and evaluation of public policies in the comparative context. At the same time, social scientists have been slow to adopt and implement new spatiotemporally explicit methods of data analy- sis due to the lack of extensible software packages, which becomes a major impediment to the promotion of spatiotemporal thinking. The proposed framework will address this need by developing a set of research questions based on space-time-distributional features of socioeconomic datasets. The authors aim to develop, evaluate, and implement this framework in an open source toolkit to comprehen- sively quantify the changes and level of hidden variation of space-time datasets across scales and dimensions. Free access to the source code allows a broader community to incorporate additional advances in perspectives and methods, thus facilitating interdisciplinary collaboration. Being written in Python, it is entirely cross-platform, lowering transmission costs in research and education.     

What role do beds of submerged macrophytes play in structuring estuarine fish assemblages? Lessons from a warm-temperate South African estuary

Habitat variability is one of the factors influencing species richness within estuarine systems, and a loss of habitat can result in a restructuring of the estuarine ichthyofaunal assemblage, particularly if these conditions persist over long time periods. The potential effects of the loss of extensive submerged macrophyte beds (Ruppia cirrhosa and Potamogeton pectinatus) on an estuarine fish assemblage were investigated through an analysis of a long-term seine net catch dataset from the temporarily open/closed East Kleinemonde Estuary, South Africa. Catch data for a 12-year period, encompassing six years of macrophyte presence and six years of macrophyte senescence, indicated that the loss of this habitat did not influence species richness but changes in the relative abundance of certain species were evident. A shift in dominance from vegetation-associated species to those associated with sandy environments (e.g. members of the family Mugilidae) was observed. However, species wholly dependent on macrophytes such as the critically endangered estuarine pipefish Syngnathus watermeyeri were only recorded during years when macrophyte beds were present, while vegetation-associated species such as the sparid Rhabdosargus holubi persisted at lower levels of relative abundance. The reduced abundance of all vegetation-associated fish species during years of macrophyte senescence was probably reflective of declining food resources resulting from the loss of macrophyte beds and/or increased vulnerability to predation. Submerged beds of aquatic plants are therefore important habitats within temporarily open/closed estuaries, South Africa’s dominant estuary type.     

Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from open-cut coal mining: application to the Sydney Basin

A new site-specific (Tier 3) method has been developed to determine greenhouse gas emissions from open coal mining. The Tier 3 method presented here is based on extensive measurement of gas emissions from open-cut coal mines and the physics of gas desorption from coal. It was adopted by Australian National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting in 2009 and since 2012 formed the scientific basis for the Australian Government guidelines on calculating greenhouse gas emissions from open cut mines. The main strength of this method is its site-specific nature and accuracy, as well as its ability to be integrated with routine coal exploration programs. New concepts were produced for the model: a coal mine is regarded as a ‘gas reservoir,’ with coal seam gas being emitted from a ‘gas release zone’ that consists of sedimentary geological units (emission layers) above and below the base of the mine. The primary data required for the method are the in situ gas content and gas composition of the coal and carbonaceous rocks contained within the gas-release zone. These data are obtained through direct measurement of gas desorption from bore cores. To reduce gas drilling, a mine lease is compartmentalised into ‘gas zones’ of similar gas content and reservoir properties. The outputs of the method are emission density (the potential volume of gas emitted from mining site per unit area of the ground surface) and emission factor (the gas volume emitted per tonne of raw coal extracted). Owing to spatial variability and errors of measurement, the estimate of emissions is associated with uncertainty. A simple method of calculating uncertainty of emissions is presented in this work.