Numerical simulation of three‐dimensional flow hydraulics in a braided channel

Results are presented from a numerical simulation of three‐dimensional flow hydraulics around a mid‐channel bar carried out using the FLUENT/UNS computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package. FLUENT/UNS solves the three‐dimensional Reynolds‐averaged form of the Navier–Stokes equations. Turbulence closure is achieved using a RNG k–ϵ model. Simulated flow velocities are compared with measured two‐dimensional velocities (downstream and cross‐stream) obtained using an electromagnetic current meter (ECM). The results of the simulation are qualitatively consistent with the flow structures observed in the field. Quantitative comparison of the simulated and measured velocity magnitudes indicates a strong positive correlation between the two (r=0·88) and a mean difference of 0·09 m s⁻¹. Deviations between simulated and measured velocities may be identified that are both random and systematic. The former may reflect a number of factors including subgrid‐scale natural spatial variability in flow velocities associated with local bed structures and measurement uncertainty resulting from problems of ECM orientation. Model mesh configuration, roughness parameterization and inlet boundary condition uncertainty may each contribute to systematic differences between simulated and measured flow velocities. These results illustrate the potential for using CFD software to simulate flow hydraulics in natural channels with complex configurations. They also highlight the need for detailed spatially distributed datasets of three‐dimensional flow variables to establish the accuracy and applicability of CFD software. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

傅立叶相位分析导风技术中的频谱分析

本文介绍了应用于傅立叶相位分析导风技术中的DFT变换理论,并模拟分析DFT计算中的频谱分离和混叠两种现象及其对导风的影响。结论认为,傅立叶导风技术不需要计算所有谐波的相位,只要计算分离区或混叠区之前的低次谐波的相位,这些低次谐波的相位速度与真实速度一致,且与谐波振幅和初相位的取值无关,可用于风速计算。     

我国南方暴雨一些气候特征的统计分析

根据我国南方59个气象观测站1958～1995年月暴雨日数资料,应用三维经验正交函数分解(EOF3)和小波分析方法,研究了暴雨的主要分布类型、季节变化特征、年际变化和年代际变化规律.结果表明:我国南方暴雨的总趋势是略有增加,但幅度很小;年际变化存在32年、10年、5年和2～3年左右的周期震荡;年代际变化规律是:20世纪50年代末～60年代约10年周期较为清楚,70年代5年周期最强,80～90年代中期10年左右周期最明显,而且比50～60年代要强得多,此外80年代3年左右周期也较明显.我国南方暴雨季节变化显著,4～10月为多暴雨季节,最多的月份出现在6月.暴雨最活跃区域的年变化不大,均位于华南地区,虽然长江流域和黄淮地区是分别对应于梅雨和华北雨季中的多暴雨区域,但是其最大中心值没有超过华南地区.我国南方暴雨、雷暴和冰雹的气候特征,在总趋势、空间分布、季节变化、年际变化和年代际变化方面均存在明显的差异,表明了这3类对流性天气形成物理机制的复杂性.     

基于Skyline的三维空间数据网络发布

三维场景中三维地形模型和建筑模型等结构复杂,纹理丰富,使得三维数据被称为"海量"数据库,给三维场景在IE浏览器中的的快速加载与显示增加了难度。本文在分析评价现今网络三维可视化方面使用较广泛的软件和技术模式的基础上,介绍Skyline系列软件关于提高三维数据的传输效率的关键技术,并针对此问题进行设计实验,对软件的实用性的进行分析和评估。     

Spatial seismic modeling of base‐isolated buildings pounding against moat walls: effects of ground motion directionality and mass eccentricity

Structural impact between adjacent buildings may induce local and, in some extreme cases, severe damage, especially in the case of seismically isolated buildings. This study parametrically investigates in the three‐dimensional domain the effect of pounding on the peak response of base‐isolated buildings, which are simulated as nonlinear three‐dimensional multi‐degree‐of‐freedom systems. Firstly, it is shown that considering unidirectional, instead of bidirectional, excitations may lead to underestimation of the base drift demands. Subsequently, the peak responses of seismically isolated buildings utilizing lead rubber bearings are studied while varying important parameters, such as the incidence angle of seismic excitations, the available seismic clearance, and mass eccentricities, under the action of bidirectional horizontal excitations. A large number of numerical simulations are performed using a specially developed software that implements an efficient approach to model impacts, taking into account arbitrary locations of contact points. It is found that the peak interstory drift ratio is significantly influenced by the directionality of the ground motion. Therefore, the seismic performance of structures should ideally be assessed examining the peak structural response while bidirectional ground motions are imposed at various incident angles. Furthermore, it is also observed that the interstory drift ratios increase while decreasing the available gap size, up to a certain value. Finally, the parametric analyses indicate that the effects of impact are more severe for structures with mass eccentricities, and in which case, the estimation of the critical incidence angle becomes more laborious. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

机载InSAR区域网平差数学模型研究

研究了机载InSAR高精度三维定位数学模型及区域网平差误差模型,分析了机载InSAR区域网平差参数、观测值及定权方法。利用自主研发的机载InSAR区域网平差软件系统完成了四川绵阳测区分辨率为0.5m的4条航带共76景影像约500km2的机载InSAR区域网平差实验,在大面积、稀少控制条件下满足1∶1万DEM、DOM定位精度要求。     

同步提取三参数小波变换及其在储层含气性检测中的应用

随着我国石油勘探程度的不断加深,非常规油气藏逐步成为了油气勘探的重点.由于致密砂岩具有低孔、低渗、非均质性强等特性,因此迫切需要高精度时频分析后处理方法对该类气藏进行有效表征.本文提出了一种同步提取三参数小波变换（Synchroextracting Three-Parameter Wavelet Transform,SETPWT）新方法,该方法具有小波变换多尺度多分辨率的特性,通过改变三个参数来调节小波基的主频、带宽及相位,灵活匹配多种类型的合成信号以及地震子波;与传统时频分析方法相比,同步提取三参数小波变换在三参数小波变换结果的基础上引入同步提取算子（Synchronous Extraction Operator,SEO）,通过SEO提取与信号理想时频谱高度相关的时频信息,去除多余能量,从而实现非平稳信号的高精度时频表征.合成信号算例表明,同步提取三参数小波变换的分辨率不但明显高于常用时频变换,同时具有优于同步提取变换（Synchroextracting Transform,SET）的抗噪性能;将同步提取三参数小波变换应用到地震资料含气性检测中,进一步验证了该时频算法在致密砂岩含气性检测中的潜力.

     

时域瞬变电磁法三维有限差分正演技术研究

瞬变电磁法应用广泛,三维数值模拟是研究复杂地质模型异常响应规律的重要技术手段之一,也是反演的基础.目前瞬变电磁数值模拟的不足主要有两个方面：第一,场源是在地表水平、浅层介质均匀的条件下计算的,限制了应用范围;第二,地下边界采用Dirichlet边界条件,导致计算空间很大,耗时较长.针对上述问题,在三维正演时,场源采用有限长细导线模型,在Maxwell有源差分方程中直接加入电流密度进行计算.在地表面加入空气层,避免了复杂的向上延拓计算,也可以对地形影响下的响应规律进行分析.在空气边界和地下边界均采用CPML吸收边界条件,并改进了CPML的参数分布,能够吸收空气介质和大地介质中的低频电磁波而反射误差极小,在满足计算精度的条件下可以有效减小节点数量.对循环迭代方法进行优化,将计算域、CPML区域和场源的空间循环统一转化为矩阵方式,加快了计算速度,但是空间消耗增大了约4~5倍.采用三维有限差分正演算法对均匀半空间模型、层状模型和地形模型进行了计算,并与解析解进行了对比验证.

     

基于3D-FEM的洞穴型地层双侧向测井数值模拟及响应特征研究

洞穴型碳酸盐岩储层非均质性强、电测井响应复杂、测井识别和表征难度大,利用数值模拟方法明确该类储层的电测井响应特征,可为洞穴识别与评价提供理论依据.本文基于三维有限元素法（3D-FEM）,引入边界局部加密技术,实现对复杂球形洞穴的精细刻画与响应精确计算;对比分析井眼钻穿型洞穴和井旁洞穴的双侧向测井响应特征和敏感性,进而考察双侧向测井对两者敏感范围的差异.结果表明：洞穴的存在导致双侧向测井响应明显降低,受洞穴边界及仪器探测深度等影响,井眼钻穿型洞穴双侧向测井曲线复杂,而井旁洞穴曲线呈“抛物线”型;双侧向测井对井眼钻穿型洞穴的敏感性远大于对井旁洞穴的敏感性,深侧向和浅侧向测井最大可对洞穴边界距井壁0.5 m和0.3 m的井旁洞穴敏感.

     

基于量纲分析的非充分采动导水裂缝带高度预测

为准确预测非充分采动导水裂缝带高度,选取开采厚度M、煤层埋深H、工作面倾斜长度L、煤层倾角α、覆岩力学性质R、覆岩结构特征S为非充分采动导水裂缝带高度主要影响因素。采用量纲分析建立了导水裂缝带高度与M,H,L,α,S间的无量纲关系式。结合30组实测数据,采用多元回归得到无量纲关系式的最优函数关系式。选取2个非充分采动工作面导水裂缝带现场实例对预测模型进行了工程验证,预测模型预测结果与实测结果吻合良好,其相对误差分别为3.64%和2.93%,预测模型的预测精度可以满足煤矿安全生产现场需要。