A QUASI-TWO-DIMENSIONAL STREAM TUBE MODEL FOR SIMULATING FLOW IN ALLUVIAL RIVERS

I. INTRODUCTIONIt is necessary, sometimes, to predict river bed deformahon during the alanning and design stages of a hydraulic project. As the nuvial process is quite complicated, the I --Dmathematical models currently in use can not satisfy the various needs in hydraulic engineering. Particularly in engineering practice, there is a strong desire of knowing the hydraulicconditions and river bed deformation in details. Some two dimensional models as well asqusi--two--dissensional models …     

巴塘3次续发性中强地震震源的研究

本文使用ＣＤＳＮ宽频带数字地震波形记录，通过波谱分析研究了巴塘３次续发性中强地震震源的几何参数和动力参数，并同余震震源空间立体分布图像研究结果进行对比分析。     

Conditional estimates of the number of podiform chromite deposits

A desirable guide for estimating the number of undiscovered mineral deposits is the number of known deposits per unit area from another well-explored permissive terrain. An analysis of the distribution of 805 podiform chromite deposits among ultramafic rocks in 12 subareas of Oregon and 27 counties of California is used to examine and extend this guide. The average number of deposits in this sample of 39 areas is 0.225 deposits per km² of ultramafic rock; the frequency distribution is significantly skewed to the right. Probabilistic estimates can be made by using the observation that the lognormal distribution fits the distribution of deposits per unit area. A further improvement in the estimates is available by using the relationship between the area of ultramafic rock and the number of deposits.The number (N) of exposed podiform chromite deposits can be estimated by the following relationship: log₁₀(N)=–0.194+0.577 log₁₀(area of ultramafic rock). The slope is significantly different from both 0.0 and 1.0. Because the slope is less than 1.0, the ratio of deposits to area of permissive rock is a biased estimator when the area of ultramafic rock is different from the median 93 km². Unbiased estimates of the number of podiform chromite deposits can be made with the regression equation and 80 percent confidence limits presented herein.     

利用旱涝县次建立历史时期旱涝指数序列的试验*

本文利用27万条自然灾害史料记载,整理出我国东部及南部85个地区的受灾县次记录,分析了这些记录的可靠性,建立了这些地区1471—1950年的旱涝指数序列,并以北京地区为例,详细说明了利用旱涝县次建立旱涝指数序列的过程,分析了这种方法的可靠性。     

Resistance to flow in rough supercritical sheet flow

Shallow water depths on steep slopes of as much as fifty per cent can be measured easily by weighing a light flume and the water it contains. Because water accelerates along the flume, a good approximation of the steady state depth is obtained when the recording balance is fixed to its bottom end. From the unit discharge and the depth, and not from measurements of the surface velocity, the Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient can be calculated. The present results show that this friction coefficient is larger in thin sheet flows than that calculated from the equation for rough turbulent flow. This latter could fit at a Reynolds Number of 50,000. When the regime is laminar (Re < 2,440) the Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient always exceeds the theoretical value of 96/Re. The great relative depth of standing and travelling waves could account for this discrepancy together with turbulence and wake formation around bottom grains. Herein it is assumed that a regime can prevail where a laminar superlayer glides over a turbulent sublayer in the vicinity of bottom grains, because the ratio of the surface velocity to the mean velocity can greatly exceed 1.5, especially on steep slopes. Until photographs of the streamlines are taken, no statement about flow regimes in supercritical sheet flow can be made.     

Eine Simulierung orographischer Effekte durch Quellsingularitäten zur Fixierung stromaufwärts gelegener Randwerte

Zusammenfassung Ein zweidimensionales, linearisiertes Strömungsmodell für orographisch induzierte Effekte wird vorgestellt: Unter Voraussetzung von Pseudo-Instationärität lassen sich in einem schwach-geschichteten, reibungsfreien Medium mittlerer Größenordnung dynamisch-thermodynamische Störungen parameterisieren. Beim Überströmen eines Hindernisses, das durch effektiven QuellflußQ simuliert wird, kann man für normierte Stromlinien eine inhomogene Helmholtz-Gleichung ableiten, deren vier Randbedingungen durch das Eingreifen zweier Zusatzterme, welche das instationäre Verhalten beschreiben, modifiziert werden. Man wählt im folgenden den Quellfluß derartig, sodaß vonQ ein aufz=0 aufliegender, endlich ausgedehnter Rücken (mit dem ungefähren Querschnitt eines Halbzylinders) beschrieben wird.Näherungslösungen für den stromaufwärts liegenden Teil eines Rechteckbereiches nach Erreichen eines stationären Strömungszustandes sind mit den Methoden von Laplace-Fourier bestimmbar. Die numerische Größenabschätzung dieser kolumnaren Wellen zeigt, daß die im Windfeld orographisch induzierten Scherungszonen noch in beträchtlicher Entfernung stromaufwärts eines endlichen Hindernisses auftreten. Ihre Größenordnung gleicht jener von Scherungen, welche aus Effekten des thermischen Windes entstehen können. Die horizontale Perturbation der Geschwindigkeit ist bloß um eine Größenordnung kleiner als die Fließgeschwindigkeit des Grundstromes.Die Vorteile des neuen Ansatzes werden diskutiert: Quellsingularitäten sind besser als die üblichen analytischen Darstellungen der Topographie geeignet, die mitunter über weite Distanzen laufenden Störwellen niedrigster Frequenzen mit kolumnarem Charakter zu erfassen.Im Anhang findet man die Verallgemeinerung auf ein analoges dreidimensionales Modell: Ein System zweier partieller Differentialgleichungen führt zu Pseudo-Stromlinien des dreidimensionalen Raumes.

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Source disturbances simulating orographical effects: The determination of upstream boundary values

Summary As outlined in an Appendix a system of partial differential equations is derived for the stream surfaces of a flow of a stratified fluid over an obstacle for the so-called pseudo-instationary case of an inviscid linearized model for mesoscale motions in three dimensions.The solution for the two-dimensional case, which is the basic part of this paper, results in a Helmholtz Equation, the four boundary conditions of which are partially modified by two additional terms characterizing the instationarity of the problem. The orographic effects are parameterized by the effective source singularity. (The latter corresponds roughly to a mountain range with a semi-circular cross-sectional profile).For the upstream part of a rectangular range steady-state solutions in the limit of long time are obtained by the methods of Laplace-Fourier. The numerical calculation shows, that a system of orographically caused shear-layers (columnar waves) exists. The wind shears induced are of the order of shears due to thermal wind effects, though quite apart from these effects. The perturbations of horizontal velocity are only one order of magnitude smaller than the velocity of the fluid-flow itself.The results show that source singularities are good means to represent topographical effects: Especially they may explain more precisely upstream influences due to horizontally propagating waves having near-zero frequencies than the usual analytical formulations of orography can do it.Finally the theoretical results are compared with some data-sets taken from fluid-tank experiments and from observations from instrumented aircraft.

     

矿床四维时空定量评价的新认识——以西藏玉龙斑岩铜矿床为例

大型、超大型斑岩铜矿的定量研究正在受到广泛关注,集中体现在现代矿产资源勘探模式趋向于从经验找矿、理论找矿和信息找矿3大传统找矿方法向集成信息技术方向发展。本项研究以青藏高原典型的玉龙斑岩铜矿床为例进行分析,提出了矿床定量评价的4个方面的新认识:(1)区域矿床发生、发展的年代与消亡速率的确定是研究矿床规模与保存环境的重要参数;(2)研究区的古地理、古气候特征有利于斑岩体的剥蚀起始时间的估算,研究区不同时代地层剖面的对比分析以及成矿古地理环境的模拟有利于正确评价斑岩矿床的形成与保存现状;(3)地层、岩体、构造和DEM数据的三维空间定量研究是正确评价"多位一体"成矿模式的重要因素;(4)3S技术发展了三维可视化技术、数据融合和模拟技术,能够最大限度地利用各种多元数据(地质、地球物理、地球化学和遥感等)资料,有助于提高发现大型矿床或潜在矿床的成功率。     

基于三维分解的大尺度垂直环流变化特征分析

通过探讨大尺度大气环流表示方法的数学变换，提出了三维分解方案，在全球范围内统一处理热带和中高纬度的环流，并依此对垂直环流进行方差分析。结果表明，垂直环流以季节变化为主，亚洲季风区是全球垂直环流季节变化的强信号区，年际变化的强信号区位于热带中太平洋。     

Four-dimensional transform fault processes: progressive evolution of step-overs and bends

Many bends or step-overs along strike–slip faults may evolve by propagation of the strike–slip fault on one side of the structure and progressive shut-off of the strike–slip fault on the other side. In such a process, new transverse structures form, and the bend or step-over region migrates with respect to materials that were once affected by it. This process is the progressive asymmetric development of a strike–slip duplex. Consequences of this type of step-over evolution include: (1) the amount of structural relief in the restraining step-over or bend region is less than expected; (2) pull-apart basin deposits are left outside of the active basin; and (3) local tectonic inversion occurs that is not linked to regional plate boundary kinematic changes. This type of evolution of step-overs and bends may be common along the dextral San Andreas fault system of California; we present evidence at different scales for the evolution of bends and step-overs along this fault system. Examples of pull-apart basin deposits related to migrating releasing (right) bends or step-overs are the Plio-Pleistocene Merced Formation (tens of km along strike), the Pleistocene Olema Creek Formation (several km along strike) along the San Andreas fault in the San Francisco Bay area, and an inverted colluvial graben exposed in a paleoseismic trench across the Miller Creek fault (meters to tens of meters along strike) in the eastern San Francisco Bay area. Examples of migrating restraining bends or step-overs include the transfer of slip from the Calaveras to Hayward fault, and the Greenville to the Concord fault (ten km or more along strike), the offshore San Gregorio fold and thrust belt (40 km along strike), and the progressive transfer of slip from the eastern faults of the San Andreas system to the migrating Mendocino triple junction (over 150 km along strike). Similar 4D evolution may characterize the evolution of other regions in the world, including the Dead Sea pull-apart, the Gulf of Paria pull-apart basin of northern Venezuela, and the Hanmer and Dagg basins of New Zealand.