高精度磁测在城市工程勘察中的应用

随着新测量方法的开发和利用以及新的数据处理和资料解释技术的提高，使得磁法勘探可用于城市工程与环境中电磁干扰相对较小的区域，且高分辨地探测地表及近地表磁异常。实例表明，垂直梯度磁异常测量相对于△T磁异常测量具有较好的抗干扰能力，同时欧拉反褶积和场源参数成像方法增强了异常的区别和分离能力。结合共偏移距道集地震方法可以给出异常体埋深信息。     

关于测设椭圆曲线的探讨

四心圆法测设椭圆曲线会造成点位偏移，图形变形。本文借助计算机，利用累加法，解决了以弧长为已知量计算椭圆曲线坐标的问题。     

利用GPS RTK测定建筑物墙角点方法研究

利用GPS RTK方法测定建筑物墙角点坐标时,由于建筑物的遮挡,很难获得点位的固定解。介绍了一种基于GPS-RTK测定建筑物垂直墙角点坐标的新方法,即垂直外伸法。通过实地采样,借助建立的计算公式,对测定结果进行计算改化及比较,证明该方法测定结果的精度可以满足相应规范的要求,具有一定实用性。     

QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF FAULT ACTIVITY BASED ON HIGH-PRECISION AIRBORNE LiDAR DATA: A CASE OF XIAOHONGSHAN FAULT IN XIANGSHAN-TIANJINGSHAN FAULT ZONE

High-precision and high-resolution topography are the basis of quantitative study of active tectonics. Traditional methods are mainly interpreted from the remote sensing image and can only obtain two-dimensional, medium-resolution DEM(5~10m grid unit)or local three-dimensional surface deformation characteristics. A combination of offset and micro-relief information is essential for understanding the long-term rupture pattern of faults, such as in seismic hazard evaluation. The recently developed high-resolution light detection and ranging(LiDAR)technology can directly carry out high-precision and omni-directional three-dimensional measurement of the landform, and provide fine geomorphologic data for the study of active tectonics, which is helpful to deepen the understanding of surface rupture process and fault activity characteristics. In this study, we take part of the Xiaohongshan Fault, the western segment of Xiangshan-Tianjingshan Fault located in Gansu Province(NE Tibet), as an example of how LiDAR data may be used to improve the study of active faults. Using the airborne LiDAR technology, we obtain the three-dimensional surface deformation characteristics with high accuracy and establish the three-dimensional topographic model of the fault geomorphic. A high-resolution digital elevation model(DEM)of the Jingtai-Xiaohongshan Fault was extracted based on high-precision LiDAR data. Then the faulted geomorphic markers(gullies, ridges and terraces)were measured in detail along the fault, and different offset clusters and long-term sliding vector of different segments of the fault were finally acquired. We obtained the 82 horizontal displacements and 62 vertical displacements of geomorphic markers. According to the offset amounts, we observed peaks in the histogram by using the method of cumulative offset probability density and interpreted that each peak may represent an earthquake that ruptured the Xiaohongshan Fault. The results show that the horizontal and vertical displacements fall into five clusters, and the smallest cluster may indicate the coseismic slip of the most recent earthquake, while the other clusters may represent the slip accumulation of multiple preceding earthquakes. The sliding vectors constrained by the horizontal and vertical displacement of several typical geomorphic markers show obvious differences on different segments of the fault. The results show that the fault segment is divided into three segments from west to east, which indicates that the fault activity is not uniform along the fault.     

利用星载SAR单轨多角度地距图像提取高程信息

针对传统基于多个轨道上获得的不同星载SAR图像提取场景区域高程信息的方法具有系统复杂度较大的问题,该文提出一种利用星载SAR单轨多角度地距图像之间像点偏移量进行高程提取的方法。像点偏移是由星载SAR观测航迹的弯曲带来的。根据距离-多普勒原理,不同角度的地距子孔径图像之间存在与高程相关的像点偏移。文中推导了星载几何下高程值和像点偏移量之间的关系式,并得出了高程值和像点偏移量是近似线性关系这一结论,最后通过仿真实验验证了该方法。结果表明,该方法提取成像场景区域的高程信息是可行的。     

滨珊瑚Sr/Ca的种间和种内差异性*

滨珊瑚骨骼的锶和钙元素的比值(Sr/Ca)是重建热带海区海水表面温度(sea surface temperature, SST)变化最常用的地球化学代用指标之一。但是, 珊瑚作为生物体, 其生理活动会对骨骼内的Sr/Ca产生干扰从而影响重建的准确度。文章采用全谱直读等离子体原子发射光谱(Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer, ICP-OES)技术对南海北部涠洲岛两块滨珊瑚的Sr/Ca比值进行测量, 并结合卫星观测的SST值分别建立各个珊瑚个体的Sr/Ca-SST温度计方程。结果显示: 1) 该研究采集的两种滨珊瑚(澄黄滨珊瑚和普哥滨珊瑚)的Sr/Ca值和温度计具有显著的种间差异。因此在古气候重建时, 建议古珊瑚和现代珊瑚严格使用同一种滨珊瑚; 2) 同种滨珊瑚不同个体之间的Sr/Ca也存在差异性, 一方面是由于冬、夏季的极端低、高温对珊瑚生理产生胁迫, 从而造成Sr/Ca出现异常值; 另一方面则是取样误差导致, 尤其是夏季高温和冬季低温时期; 3) 同一珊瑚个体内的不同生长轴的生长率存在显著差异, 然而Sr/Ca却没有显著的差异性, 说明不同生长轴的取样对骨骼Sr/Ca没有显著影响。最后, 文章用多样品的平均值建立Sr/Ca温度计方程, 用于减小个体之间的差异性带来的误差, 得到Sr/Ca(mmol·mol^-1)= -0.04027×SST(℃)+9.623的方程。用该温度计对涠洲岛海域的SST后报的误差为±0.6℃(1σ), 达到了古海温重建的精度需求。     

基于星间链路体制的北斗卫星时间同步可行性分析

BD-3试验星上搭载了Ka频段星间链路（ISL）设备,可进行Ka波段对地观测。推导了星间链路时分观测体制双向时间同步的数学模型;以ISL星地观测数据为样本分析ISL体制时间同步的可行性,并与L波段观测结果比对。结果表明,ISL体制钟速拟合参数与L波段结果一致性较好,7 d和3 d弧段拟合精度在1 ns以内,1 d和1 h弧段拟合精度均在0.2 ns以内,较L波段拟合精度有所提高,其中1 d为最优拟合时长;利用7 d的实测星地钟差进行向后1 d的钟差预报,结果显示,ISL星地钟差1 d预报误差为2 ns,较L波段预报精度略有提高;最后采用星地星间联合钟差观测,2 d内观测残差为0.52 ns,验证了ISL钟差观测的可行性。     

Frequency-dependent PP and PS reflection coefficients in fractured media

When a porous layer is permeated by mesoscale fractures, wave-induced fluid flow between pores and fractures can cause significant attenuation and dispersion of velocities and anisotropy parameters in the seismic frequency band. This intrinsic dispersion due to fracturing can create frequency-dependent reflection coefficients in the layered medium. In this study, we derive the frequency-dependent PP and PS reflection coefficients versus incidence angle in the fractured medium. We consider a two-layer vertical transverse isotropy model constituted by an elastic shale layer and an anelastic sand layer. Using Chapman's theory, we introduce the intrinsic dispersion due to fracturing in the sand layer. Based on the series coefficients that control the behaviour of velocity and anisotropy parameters in the fractured medium at low frequencies, we extend the conventional amplitude-versus-offset equations into frequency domain and derive frequency-dependent amplitude-versus-offset equations at the elastic–anelastic surface. Increase in fracture length or fracture density can enlarge the frequency dependence of amplitude-versus-offset attributes of PP and PS waves. Also, the frequency dependence of magnitude and phase angle of PP and PS reflection coefficients increases as fracture length or fracture density increases. Amplitude-versus-offset type of PP and PS reflection varies with fracture parameters and frequency. What is more, fracture length shows little impact on the frequency-dependent critical phase angle, while the frequency dependence of the critical phase angle increases with fracture density.     

2015年阿拉善左旗5.8级地震前低频异常分析

针对2015年4月15日鄂尔多斯块体西北缘阿拉善左旗5.8级地震,利用内蒙古地震台网数字波形资料,采用快速傅里叶变换,分析2015年1月1日至4月15日震前频谱特征,意在判断震前是否存在低频异常信号。结果显示：①在5.8级地震前,东升庙、石嘴山及乌海地震台的地震波形低频信号存在相同现象;②低频信号在震前10天开始出现,并间断持续至发震;③低频信号出现的时间不连续,且持续时间间隔逐步缩短。     

SYSTEMATIC OFFSET OF BEDROCK CHANNELS ALONG ACTIVE STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS ON THE EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU

Offset river is one of the characteristic landforms along active strike-slip fault. Whereas because of various factors such as natural meander, river capture, etc, difficulties exist while interpreting slip motion and offset amount using landforms of offset rivers. In this study, we introduced the systematic offset of bedrock channels as a method to analyze offset rivers along strike-slip fault. Systematic offset of bedrock channels is the result of coupling between tectonic process and surface process. It also describes the phenomenon of synchronous accumulation both of the offset amount and the upstream length because of head-ward erosion. Based on the interpretation, measuring and statistics of the offset river landforms, it is found that systematic offset of bedrock channels have developed along the Ganzi-Yushu, Xianshuihe and eastern Kunlun fault zones on the eastern Tibetan plateau. There is a linear relationship between the upstream length (L), measured from the headwater to the fault, and the offset amount (D):D=a·L. This study provides useful implications to the role of strike-slip faults during the geomorphic evolution of the eastern Tibetan plateau.