A two-track CDM: improved incentives for sustainable development and offset production

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has been criticized in the literature for encouraging a focus on offset production (OP) at the expense of achieving or encouraging sustainable development (SD). It is argued that one explanation for this is that there is no commonly agreed definition of SD and, moreover, the priority of CDM project developers is often to produce cost-effective OP. Many of the proposals to address these drawbacks are not politically feasible. It is argued that the CDM should be split into a two-track mechanism, with one track for offset production and the other for offset production with an emphasis on sustainable development benefits. This would enable the political deadlock to be broken, allow the inclusion of SD benefits in the price mechanism itself, and allow both SD and OP objectives to be simultaneously achieved.

Policy relevance

The CDM has been criticized for failing to achieve its sustainable development objective, for verification problems regarding the mitigation effects of projects’ emissions, for being complex and bureaucratic, and for the very limited participation by the least developed countries. Given the adoption of a second period of the Kyoto Protocol and the discussion of new market mechanisms in the context of negotiating a new global climate agreement to be adopted in 2015, it is time to explore the ways in which the CDM might be reformed. A two-track version of the CDM is proposed, with one track focused on credit (offset) production and the other track focused on sustainable development. This system could improve the incentive for achieving sustainable development, reduce the uncertainty regarding whether real emissions reductions have been achieved, and be attractive to both developing and industrialized countries.     

时频～炮检距域面波衰减方法及应用

面波以低频强能量为特征,数据处理中常用的面波衰减技术有:频率滤波、F-K滤波和速度滤波等.由于面波特殊的频散现象,使得上述方法的应用效果受到一定的影响.基于面波的特征随炮检距变化这一特点,提出一种时频～炮检距域面波衰减方法:①对单炮记录中的面波区域做Fourier变换或时频分析,了解面波频率随时间和炮检距的变化规律;②...     

大偏移距地震资料各向异性动校正方法研究及效果分析

由于介质的非均匀性,反射层的弯曲性,以及介质的各向异性,使得反射波旅行时不再是双曲线的形式,从而使常规动校正产生较大误差。这里从理论上分析了大偏移距处出现动校不平的原因,指出了介质的各向异性是影响地震资料大偏移距处速度分析精度的主要因素,并对Hake、Castle和Alkhalifah三种各向异性动校正理论及其应用效果做了细致研究。结果表明,在偏移距～深度比小于"1"时,几种动校正方法与常规动校正差别不大:在大偏移距处,Hake方法具有较大的误差;Castle能够得到较好的效果;Alkhalifah方法在大炮检距任意各向异性强度下都可以得到比较精确的校正结果。对应用效果最好的Alkhalifah各向异性动校正进行了算法实现,并基于Java语言的开发环境,编制了各向异性速度分析和非双曲动校正的软件,在模型测试和实际资料的应用中取得了良好的效果。     

Characterization of organic matter in marine sediments to estimate age offset of bulk radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating of Arctic marine sediment is often challenging due to the low availability of calcareous fossils. Consequently, bulk organic matter dating has at times been used to establish sediment core chronologies. Yet, radiocarbon dates based on bulk organic matter often appear to deviate vastly from dates based on fossils, mainly caused by input of allochthounous carbon, including terrigenous organic matter. In this study, we aim to examine the link between the composition of the bulk organic matter and the age offsets between the bulk radiocarbon dates and those obtained from calcareous foraminiferal tests. All samples are taken from the marine sediment core AMD14-204C from offshore Upernavik (eastern Baffin Bay). The radiocarbon dates for bulk organic matter are on average ∼3000 years older than the radiocarbon dates based on foraminifera, but with changing age offsets throughout the record. To investigate the cause of this age offset and its variations over time, we applied core scanning, X-ray Fluorescence analysis, stable isotopes, organic pyrolysis and microscopic organic petrology to examine the distribution and characterization of the organic matter. The results show that the older organic matter includes clastic input of reworked sedimentary rocks potentially originating from West Greenland and/or the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Changes in the input of contemporary marine algal produced organic matter versus both terrigenous input and reworked ancient organic matter appear to control the age offsets between the bulk and foraminifera dates. A low Hydrogen Index and low δ¹³C_org values together with a high Oxygen Index, indicative of high influence of terrigenous organic matter, seem to correspond to samples with the largest age offsets; 1000–2000 years greater than in other samples. To examine the cause of the variations in the age offsets, a new quantification of the autochthonous organic matter as a fraction of the TOC was calculated. This shows that samples with the largest age offsets contained the lowest fraction (as low as ∼12%) of autochthonous organic matter in the TOC.     

A motion correction on direct estimations of air-sea fluxes from a buoy

A flux system deployed on a moored buoy has been described, which is capable of directly estimating the airsea fluxes after removing the contamination in the signal due to buoy motion. A triple loop fitting method has been demonstrated for determining the three angular offsets between measurement axes of the sonic anemometer and motion pack. The data collected in an experiment in the Northern Huanghai Sea is used to correct the three sonic anemometer measurements of turbulent wind for buoy motion. The effective removal of wave-scale motion from the spectra and cospectra are demonstrated. Estimates of along-wind momentum flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux calculated by the eddy correlation method based on data obtained by sonic anemometer 81000V are shown to be in the same trend and scale with those determined by the bulk aerodynamic method after motion correction. The motion correction not only greatly improve the estimation of the momentum flux but also has a great impact on the calculated sensible heat flux.     

地震勘探中的“采集脚印”问题

重点分析观测系统引起“采集脚印”的原因,研究观测系统引起的“采集脚印”对地震资料属性以及储层预测的影响,通过自适应滤波方法消除“采集脚印”,在叠后地震数据体上压制“采集脚印”干扰.通过分析对比滤除“采集脚印”前后地震资料属性以及储层预测效果,研究“采集脚印”的影响及其消除方法.     

不规则海洋重磁测网的调差

不规则测网是海洋重磁调查中的重要情况之一。本文建立了利用测网中实交点处交点差的资料确定各测线资料中含有的系统偏差的方程组，证明了此方程组有无穷多组数学解，但通解公式中仅含有一个任意常数，因而需要也只需要引进一个附加的控制条件就能有确定的解；还确定了线性控制条件应满足的数学条件，并依F取极小值的原则推导出一个可用的线性控制条件，从而为不规则测网的线调差提供一条途径。     

不同集合的球面矢量Voronoi图生成算法

分析现有球面VORONOI图生成算法的不足,介绍球面不同集合V图的定义,在此基础上提出球面偏置曲线的概念并总结了它的性质,具体分析不同集合在球面上的偏置结果及处理方法,提出基于球面偏置的多集合V图生成算法,通过实验检验算法的正确性与效率,最后得出结论和进一步的研究方向。     

成组加密法宽方位三维观测系统设计方法及应用

三维地震勘探是一种面积勘探方法,观测系统形式很多,常用的线束型三维观测系统,由于其排列片狭片,存在方位角分布不均匀的弊端。为了改善面元的方位角分布特性,笔者于９９年８月提出了一种新型三维观测系统设计法,又称之为成组加密法宽方位三维观测系统设计方法。文中系统叙述了该方法的设计原理,并对共主要设计参数进行了理论分析。该设计方法在徐州张双楼煤矿三维地震勘探中首次投入使用,取得了很好的技术效果和显著的经济     

一种改进的平方根滤波在卫星钟差实时解算中的应用

目前普遍采用卡尔曼滤波方法来实现非差法卫星钟差的实时解算。平方根滤波可以增强数值计算的稳定性,避免滤波发散,但矩阵的求逆会耗费较长的计算时间;序贯算法可以避免对矩阵直接求逆,能提升计算效率。综合两种算法的优点,提出一种基于序贯算法的平方根滤波器,并应用于卫星钟差的实时解算,得到的卫星钟差精度优于0.2 ns,且计算时长缩短40%。