某高层建筑模型振动台试验结果分析

本文分析了广州市某２８层高层建筑模型模拟地震振动台试验结果,对此建筑的抗震性能进行了评价,考究了设置摩擦耗能支对其动力反应的减震作用。     

Rescue Operations and Demolition Works: Automating the Pneumatic Removal of Small Pieces of Rubble and Combination of Suction Plants with Demolition Machines

The main problem in the rescue of people buried alive in damaged buildings are pieces of rubble with a diameter less than 150 mm. Since they cover the whole site, it is neither possible to scrutinize the structure of the rubble nor to estimate the dimensions of beams, columns, and parts of ceilings. The central idea of a project at the University of Karlsruhe, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, is the automatic removal of small pieces of rubble by a suction unit. The computer-controlled pipe which is fastened to the boom of an excavator automatically follows the structure of the heap of rubble. Therefore, it can also work in areas which are out of the driver’s visible range. The suction plant replaces the dangerous manual removal which is current standard. Furthermore, a pneumatic extraction system has been designed and constructed in combination with demolition machinery, e.g. crushers and dry wire-saw technologies, to immediately suck off the crushed material (reinforced concrete, masonry).     

模糊综合评判在高层建筑结构地震作用下的应用

应用模糊数学原理,将我国现行建筑抗震设计规范(GB 50011-2001)划分场地类别的依据模糊化,用正态分布作为等效剪切波速与覆盖层厚度的隶属函数,对不同场地条件特征周期值进行模糊综合评判,给出了高层建筑结构地震作用计算步骤。结果表明,模糊综合评判方法使得建筑抗震设计中的设计反应谱更符合实际,高层建筑结构地震作用的计算更为准确。     

计及城市房屋建筑装修破坏的地震经济损失评估方法研究

本文通过对比、分析我国目前地震经济损失评估中存在的一些问题,提出了城市房屋计及装修费用的地震损失评估方法.通过汶川地震现场调查、收集造价资料和问卷调查的形式给出了几个关键参数的合理取值,如:装修破坏损失比、中高档装修重置单价、中高档装修房屋在不同发达水平城市中所占比例及修正系数等.利用本文方法对内蒙古包头西6.4级地震、汶川8.0级地震及深圳经济特区的房屋建筑地震损失进行了评估和预测,并与实际统计结果进行了对比分析,结果表明考虑装修费用损失后的损失评估结果增加了10%～30%.     

Recent developments in seismically isolated buildings in Japan

The Building Standard Law of Japan and related Enforcement Order and Notifications have been substantially revised since the year 2000 to introduce a performance-based regulatory and deregulation system for building control systems. Up to then, time-history analyses were mandatory for isolated buildings and had to be specially approved by the Minster of the Ministry of Construction (MOC). Simplified design procedures based on the equivalent linear method for seismically isolated buildings have been issued as “Notification 2009 — Structural calculation procedure for buildings with seismic isolation” from MOC, and are now integrated into the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transportation (MLIT). Along with Notification 2009, “Notification 1446 of year 2000 — Standard for specifications and test methods for seismic isolation devices” was also issued. Buildings with heights equal to or less than 60m and that are designed according to these Notifications, including base isolated buildings, only need approval from local building officials, and no longer require the special approval of the Minister of MLIT. This paper summarizes: 1) some statistics related to buildings with seismic isolation completed up to the end of 2001; 2) simplified design procedures required by Notification 2009 of year 2000; and 3) performance of seismic isolation devices required by Notification 1446 of year 2000.     

Soil–structure interaction effects observed in the in situ forced vibration and pushover tests of school buildings in Taiwan and their modeling considering the foundation flexibility

In the conventional structural seismic analysis, the rigid base model is usually adopted without considering the flexibility of the ground, leading to inaccurate estimation of the vibration characteristics and the seismic response of the structure. In 2007, several in situ tests were conducted by the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) on the school buildings in the Guanmiao Elementary School in Tainan, Taiwan. For the study of soil–structure interaction (SSI) effects, the forced vibration test (FVT) was performed, and the deformation of the foundation system was measured during the pushover test. In this paper, the results of these in situ tests are presented and discussed, and the finite element models of the school buildings were generated for the simulation of the FVT and for the pushover analysis in order to investigate the difference between the rigid base model and the flexible base model. Results show that the mechanical properties of the structure and the foundation could be demonstrated in these in situ tests. Additionally, the introduction of the flexibility of the foundation has a considerable influence on the results of structural analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

软土地区双线区间盾构隧道施工对周边地表以及建筑物沉降的影响

研究盾构隧道施工对周围地面以及建筑物沉降造成的影响,是软土地区盾构隧道安全施工和正常运营的基础课题。为了分析宁波轨道交通5号线同德路站—石碶站区间双线盾构隧道施工对周边地表和建筑物的影响,本文在建立盾构隧道动态施工过程三维有限元模型的基础上,基于地表以及建筑物沉降数值模拟结果与现场监测值的对比,分析了隧道开挖对隧道周围地表沉降与建筑物沉降的影响。结果表明,掘进完成时,开挖方向沉降槽往上行线隧道方向偏移、呈现倒梯形形态,横断面影响区域为距离双线隧道轴线中心小于3倍隧道直径;上行线在下行线开挖后并不会增加地表沉降,但增大了沉降槽宽度;下行线到达前产生的沉降占最终累计沉降的67%;当盾构掘进面刚到达建筑物时、建筑物的倾斜方向与盾构掘进方向一致,当盾构掘进面离开建筑物时、建筑物将沿着盾构掘进的反方向倾斜;建筑物两侧沉降值较中部沉降值降低了83%;双线贯通后建筑物沉降呈“U”形分布,最大沉降量发生在远离隧道一侧距建筑物中心0.5 m处。     

Identification of structural parameters of multistorey shear buildings from modal data

A procedure has been presented in this paper to identify the structural parameters, viz. mass and stiffness matrices, from modal test data for multistorey shear buildings. The first two orders of modal data have been used by other researchers to estimate the global matrices where they depend only on measurable points which are less than the total number of structural degrees of freedom. The above method has been refined here by using Holzer criteria along with other numerical methods to estimate the global mass and stiffness matrices of the structure. This shows the methodology to be more efficient and accurate. The reliability of the procedure has been shown by examples of multistorey buildings. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Marine debris review for Latin America and the wider Caribbean region: from the 1970s until now, and where do we go from here?

The available literature on marine debris from Latin America and the Wider Caribbean Region was collected and linked, reviewing their methodologies and principal results (quantities, composition and spatial-temporal patterns). The study region comprises 52 coastal countries of which only 14 had registers of works on marine debris. A total of 70 works were available and 69 had their full contents accessed. Brazil dominated the available literature with 70% of the documents. Beaches were the most studied environment, and plastics the prevalent form of contamination in the whole region. The exposure of marine biota (species, type of contact, consequences) was highlighted. The studied region, although still little exploited by this sort of research, shows the same contamination patterns observed world-wide. We also contacted 40 researchers in the area, collecting scientific contributions, opinions and suggestions for improvement of this research field. Further advances and new (urgently needed) lines of research are also discussed.     

Exploring the relationship between density and completeness of urban building data in OpenStreetMap for quality estimation

OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a free spatial data source based on crowd sourced data. Although the OSM data have a range of applications, such as generating 3D models, and routing and navigation, quality issues are still significant concerns when using the data. Several studies have undertaken quality assessments by comparing OSM data with reference data. However, reference data are not always available due to high costs or licensing restrictions, and very few studies have quantitatively estimated the quality of OSM data under conditions where the corresponding reference data are not available. This study proposed the use of a building density (or building coverage ratio) indicator as a proxy, and designed a series of experiments involving different study areas to quantitatively explore the relationship between building density and building completeness for OSM data in urban areas. The residuals (estimated building completeness and reference building completeness) were also analyzed. Two main results were found from the experiments. (1) There was an approximate linear relationship between building density and building completeness in the OSM data. More precisely, the building completeness of OSM data was approximately 3.4–4 times the building density of OSM data. (2) Approximately 70–80% of the absolute residuals were smaller than 10%, and 80–90% of them were smaller than 20%. This shows that, in most cases, estimated building completeness was close to the corresponding reference building completeness. Therefore, we concluded that the building density indicator is a potential proxy for the quantitative completeness estimation of OSM building data in urban areas. The limitations of using this indicator were also addressed.