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Work input for unsaturated soils considering interfacial effects

In this research, the interfacial energy is taken into account in the deformation work for unsaturated soils. Based on porous media theory, the thermodynamic balance equations for each phase and the interface are used to derive the work input for unsaturated soils. The work input equation serves as the basis and starting point for the choice of stress state variables, based on which the conjugate stresses and strain increments are derived. The influences of the interfaces on the effective stress and the constitutive law for the liquid phase are then discussed based on the work input equation. The effective stress can be expressed as Bishop's type, and the effective stress parameter is shown to be a function of both the degree of saturation and the interfacial area. The constitutive law for the liquid phase under dynamic condition is also presented. The relationship among interfacial area, saturation, and capillary pressure is proposed to calculate the value of the effective stress. Experimental data obtained from literature are used to validate the proposed model equations. Results show that our findings are in accordance with the existing research. Unlike the phenomenal study, our research has a rigorous theoretical basis, which lays a foundation for further research of unsaturated soils considering the interfacial effects.     

A linear constitutive model for unsaturated poroelasticity by micromechanical analysis

This paper extends the Biot theory of poroelasticity from the saturated to unsaturated case. The Biot phenomenological model uses parameters that are easily observable, such as the deformation of porous frame, total stress, pore pressure, and fluid specific discharge. Such model is preferred for engineering applications. At this macroscopic level, the extension of Biot theory from saturated to unsaturated is straightforward. The constitutive constants, however, are combined properties of solid, pore space, and fluids. In the unsaturated case, the constants are functions of the degree of saturation. Their measurements and tabulation over a range of saturation is generally not feasible for practical applications. In this work, a Biot-Willis type analysis is performed for the unsaturated case to provide a theory that the bulk material constants can be evaluated using laboratory measurable micromechanical constants under saturated condition, plus a capillary pressure curve (saturation versus suction pressure) typically available for unsaturated porous medium, without the need of measurement at each state of saturation. In particular, it is demonstrated that the surface energy contained in the meniscus interface manifests as a “capillary modulus,” given by the negative inverse slope of the capillary pressure curve. A rigorous analysis based on the thermodynamic variational energy approach is also conducted to lend theoretical support to the phenomenological approach. The presented model can bring a closure to the practical engineering modeling of the deformation of partially saturated porous medium that lacks the information of material constants over the range of saturation.     

A fully coupled simple model for unsaturated soils

Different phenomena influence the strength and volumetric behavior of unsaturated soils. Among the most important are suction hardening, hydraulic hysteresis, and the influence of volumetric strain on the soil-water retention curves. Fully coupled hydro-mechanical models require including all three phenomena in their constitutive relationships. Among these phenomena, suction hardening is the most influencing as it determines the apparent preconsolidation stress, the position of the loading-collapse yield surface, and the shift of both the isotropic consolidation and the critical state lines. In this paper, a fully coupled hydro mechanical model is presented. It is based on the modified Cam-Clay model but includes a yield surface with anisotropic hardening that takes account of the shift of the critical state line with suction. For highly overconsolidated materials, the sub-loading surface concept has been included in order to increase the precision of the model for these materials. The shift of the retention curves produced by volumetric strains is simulated using a hydraulic model based on the grain and current pore size distribution of the soil.     

双基地天气雷达系统的有效照射体积

根据"有效照射体"的基本概念,采用微分理论来回避椭球面近似为平面的假设,推导了双基地雷达系统有效照射体积表达式,证明双基地雷达系统有效照射体积与单基地雷达有效照射体积之比值V_b/V_m,在数值上等于双基地系统主站极轴长度R_t相对于半长轴长度a的导数.有效照射体积数值计算结果与以往相同,放宽了推导过程中的假设条件,显得更加严谨、易懂.还给出了双基地雷达系统各几何量(如V_b/V_m、R_t、主站共面方位Φ、辅站极轴长度Rr、辅站共面方位Φ_r、双基地角β)之间的一些关系式,分析了在双基地雷达系统探测过程中有效照射体积随有关量变化的特征,为双基地偏振雷达系统天线控制、资料处理、旁瓣影响分析、探测精度提高等提供理论依据.     

砷污染饮用水治理修复技术研究进展

水体砷污染是全球饮用水主要威胁之一。研究高效、廉价的饮用水除砷技术,对于解决地方性砷中毒具有重要意义。系统的介绍了国内外各种除砷工艺和方法,总结了目前各种方法在应用上的优缺点及发展前景。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定土壤中有效硫

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定土壤中有效硫,浸提剂分别为：Ca（H2PO2）2-2mol／LHAc（中酸性土壤有效硫）,5mol／LNaHCO3（碱性土壤有效硫）？研究了ICP-AES对有效硫测定谱线的选择以及浸提温度、静置时间等对浸提结果的影响,酸性土壤滤液直接经ICP—AES测定,碱性土壤滤液经酸化后再测定。方法检出限分别为0．32mg／kg,通过对国家土壤有效态一级标准物质测试,测定结果基本一致;GBW07415、GBW07413标准物质11次测定的相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为3．66％、2．59％。     

陕西省大荔县地下水中氟的含量特征及其影响因素分析

大荔县为地方性氟中毒病高发区,主要因长期饮用氟含量高的地下水所致。通过分析大荔县269件地下水样品中氟含量,查明地下水氟含量为0．01～11．8mg／L,均值为1．91mg／L,氟含量高于1．0mg／L的水样样本达70．6％。调查分析发现,大荔县地下水氟含量在空间分布上具有北高南低的特征,富集最严重的区域出现在渭河二、三级阶地的东端,高氟地下水区域占到全区总面积的63％。大荔县丰富的氟源、特定的地形地貌、干燥的气候环境以及缓慢的地下水力更替过程是造成地下水中氟富集的主要因素。     

硬石膏矿层底板突水预测和评价

基于硬石膏矿层底板灰岩水文地质和工程地质条件计算的矿层开采后导水裂隙带的高度为16m,原位张裂隙带高度为5m。为防止采矿时底板突水,设计预留隔水石膏矿柱80m,其有效隔水层厚度为59m。运用突水系法和阻水强度法计算的有效隔水层厚度分别为61、50和36m。根据技术、经济和安全的原则,分析认为有效隔水层厚度取50m就能达到安全开采的目的。     

Residual and Fully Softened Strength Evaluation of Soils using Artificial Neural Networks

A backpropagation artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed to predict the secant friction angle of residual and fully softened soils, using data reported by Stark et al. (J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 131:575–588, 2005). In the ANN model, index properties such as liquid limit, plastic limit, activity, clay fraction and effective normal stress are used as input variables while secant residual friction angle is used as output variable. The model is verified using data that were not used for model training and testing. The results also indicate that the secant residual friction angle of cohesive soils can be predicted quite accurately using liquid limit, clay fraction and effective normal stress as input variables with R ² = 0.93. The sensitivity analysis results indicate that plastic limit and activity have no appreciable effect on ANN predicted secant friction angles. The secant friction angle predictions of the ANN model were also compared with those of Stark’s et al. (2005) curves and the empirical formulas suggested for the same data sets by Wright (Evaluation of soil shear strengths for slope and retaining wall stability with emphasis on high plasticity clays, 2005). The comparison shows that the ANN model predictions are very close to those suggested by the Stark et al. (2005) curves but much better than the prediction of Wright’s (2005) empirical equations. The results also show that ANN is an alternative powerful tool to predict the secant friction angle of soils.