一种冰-海洋模式的热力耦合方案

冰与海洋的热力耦合对冰与海洋环流的模拟有极其重要的影响,是冰-海洋相互作用的一个重要方面.对其精确确定需要详细考虑冰-海洋界面附近的湍流过程,这在长时期的模拟特别是气候模拟中,常受到技术条件的限制.过去的研究常常假设冰下海洋混合层的温度为冰点,特别是在单纯冰模式的模拟中,但考虑海冰漂移和冰点变化的效应时,这一假设是不精确的.因此,弱化冰下海洋混合层温度为冰点的约束,不考虑详细的冰-海洋界面和海洋混合层的湍流过程,根据冰-海洋耦合系统的能量收支关系,设计了一个简化的冰-海洋热力耦合方案.对该方案引起的海洋混合层适应、热力结构和海冰发展的影响进行了分析,并将其用于全球冰海洋耦合模式的数值试验,结果表明,在大气热力强迫下该耦合方案既可使冰区混合层海水温度向冰点适应,又使冰边缘带海水温度与冰点保持明显差异,能够较好地反映冰-海洋热力相互作用.利用该耦合方案构造的全球冰-海洋耦合模式模拟的海冰范围及季节变化与实际观测非常接近.     

Application of the HY-1 satellite to sea ice monitoring and forecasting

The HY-1A satellite is the first oceanic satellite of China. During the winter of 2002-2003, the data of the HY-1A were applied to the sea ice monitoring and forecasting for the Bohai Sea of China for the fhst time. The sea ice retrieval system of the HY-1A has been constructed. It receives 1B data from the satellite, outputs sea ice images and provides digital products of ice concentration, ice thickness and ice edge, which can be used as important information for sea ice monitoring and the initial fields of the numeric sea ice forecast and as one of the reference data for the sea ice forecasting verification. The sea ice retrieval system of the satellite is described, including its processes, methods and parameters. The retrieving results and their application to the sea ice monitoring and forecasting for the Bohai Sea are also discussed.     

Advanced characterization of marine dissolved organic matter by combining reversed-phase liquid chromatography and FT-ICR-MS

Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) was separated by reversed-phase (RP) liquid chromatography method and analyzed with fluorescence/absorption detection and Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). The three key characteristics of the RP method are: (a) The C18-RP column chosen provides enhanced separation when the aqueous phase is 100% buffer-free water, and it does not degrade over time; (b) the water eluent adjusted to pH 7 significantly improves the resolution of water soluble compounds; (c) the initial flow maintained at low levels improves the separation of polar compounds. In samples, containing “fresh” DOM, specific peaks were detected, which were absent in “old” DOM samples. The combination with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) also demonstrated the relation between polarity and molecular size of DOM. FT-ICR-MS was applied to evaluate the quality of separation on a molecular scale demonstrating that physico-chemical characteristics of DOM can be related to molecular formulas. Sample extracts were separated into 4 preparative fractions, and a large suite of the identified molecular formulas only occurred in specific fractions. This is an important basis for the application of further analytical techniques in order to perform a more target-oriented analysis aiming at the determination of source and process biomarkers for DOM.     

Efficient Approximate Method of Global Reliability Analysis for Offshore Platforms in the Ice Zone

Ice load is the dominative load in the design of offshore platforms in the ice zone, and the extreme ice load is the key factor that affects the safety of platforms. The present paper studies the statistical properties of the global resistance and the extreme responses of the jacket platforms in Bahai Bay, considering the randomness of ice load, dead load, steel elastic modulus, yield strength and structural member dimensions. Then, based on the above results, an efficient approximate method of the global reliability analysis for the offshore platforms is proposed, which converts the implicit nonlinear performance function in the conventional reliability analysis to linear explicit one. Finally, numerical examples of JZ20-2 MSW, JZ20-2NW and JZ20-2 MUQ offshore jacket platforms in the Bahai Bay demonstrate the satisfying efficiency, accuracy and applicability of the proposed method.     

东西伯利亚海海冰季节变化特征及主要影响因素分析

利用1997-2005年美国国家冰雪中心提供的卫星遥感数据,对东西伯利亚海海冰周年变化特征及其动力和热力学机制进行详细分析,以1999年海冰状况为例讨论了该海域海冰的周年变化。按照海冰变化的区域特征和融化机制差异,将全年的海冰变化过程分为密集冰封期、陆坡开裂期、西部融化期、全面融化期和秋季结冰期。不同年份各个阶段发生的具体日期不尽相同,海冰覆盖面积最小值及其发生时间有所差异,但是,各年海冰变化的5个阶段都清晰可辨。海冰融化时间持续3个月,冻结时间仅为1个半月左右。每年5月份东西伯利亚海陆坡处海冰发生开裂,主要是该时期风场辐散的作用。1999年,除5月份以外的其他月份,东西伯利亚海海表面风场是辐聚风场,不利于海冰融化和开阔水域面积的扩大。东西伯利亚海海冰融化的决定性因素是陆地径流,因迪吉尔卡河、科雷马河、亚纳河和勒拿河四条河流在海冰融化过程中发挥主要作用。海冰覆盖面积最小值出现的时间一般是9月下旬,整个海域的沿岸带海冰全部消失,形成大范围的开阔水。夏季北半球气温的升高和太阳辐射的加热作用,为海冰融化提供持续的热量。     

河北省超高压线路一次连续覆冰事件的模拟与诊断

利用1980—2021年河北省142个国家气象站观测资料以及电力部门提供的导线覆冰个例资料,分析了河北省历史导线覆冰空间特征,发现省内南部沿海和张家口东北部主要以雾凇覆冰为主,邢台东北部、沧州东部地区存在少量雨凇覆冰情况。系统分析2015年11月15次覆冰跳闸事故的天气环流形势,造成此次灾害的冷空气由北向南传播,中后期叠加来自西部向东传播的气流;关键区对流层低层存在雪水混合物和明显的风切变,对流层中层存在“负〖CD*2〗正〖CD*2〗负”的温度异常层结分布特征,热力环流中上升运动为覆冰提供了有利条件。基于气象观测资料,综合考虑导线覆冰增长、维持、消融过程,建立导线覆冰小时级覆冰厚度预报模型。利用覆冰个例进行检验,发现该模型能够较好地捕捉气象条件对导线覆冰过程的影响,能够客观地反映覆冰厚度时空分布特征,为覆冰监测预警提供精细化数据支撑。     

2023年夏季我国气候异常特征及成因分析

2023年夏季,我国气候特征整体表现为“温高雨少”,区域性、阶段性高温、旱涝等气象灾害明显。降水的空间分布差异显著,主要多雨区位于我国北方,松花江、海河流域出现严重汛情。生成和登陆台风频数均较常年同期偏少,但北上台风却对京津冀等地造成极其严重的雨涝灾害。2023年夏季我国气温为1961年以来历史次高,北方地区暖异常明显,华北、西北等地区阶段性高温热浪尤为突出。华北、东北地区降水偏多是由不同环流系统造成的。其中,华北南部降水异常偏多主要由7月底至8月初一次极为罕见的天气尺度持续性极端降水过程所致,台风杜苏芮和卡努外围环流与异常偏西、偏北的西太平洋副热带高压相配合,再加上太行山东麓的地形效应是其主要原因。盛夏东北东部异常偏南风引导的水汽输送在整个对流层都异常偏强,造成东北北部和东部降水明显偏多,这一异常环流与初夏巴伦支海海冰密集度减小及盛夏西北太平洋海温异常偏暖均有一定关联。     

Seasonal variations of the near surfacelayer parameters over the Antarctic ice sheet in Princess Elizabeth Land,East Antarctica

Analysis of sensible heat flux(Qh),latent heat flux(Qe),Richardson number(Ri),bulk transport coefficient(Cd) and katabatic winds are presented by using the meteorological data in the near surface layer from an automatic weather station(AWS) in Princess Elizabeth Land,East Antarctica ice sheet and the data of corresponding period at Zhongshan station in 2002.It shows that annual mean air temperature at LGB69 is-25.6°C,which is 16.4°C lower than that at Zhongshan,where the elevation is lower and located on the coast.The temperature lapse rate is about 1.0°C/110 m for the initial from coast to inland.The turbulence heat flux at LGB69 displays obvious seasonal variations with the average sensible heat flux-17.9 W/m2 and latent heat flux-0.9 W/m2.The intensity(Qh Qe) of coolling source is-18.8 W/m2 meaning the snow surface layer obtains heat from atmosphere.The near surface atmosphere is near-neutral stratified with bulk transport coefficients(Cd) around 2.8×10-3,and it is near constant when the wind speed higher than 8 m/s.The speed and the frequency of easterly Katabatic winds at LGB69 were higher than that at Zhongshan Station.     

Micro-particle in surface snow at Princess Elizabeth Land,East Antarctica

During the Austral summer of 1996/1997, the First Chinese Antarctic Inland Expedition reached the inland area about 330 km along the direction around 76°E from Zhongshan Station, and collected 84 surface snow samples at an interval of 4 kin. Micro-particle analysis of the samples indicates that the micro-particle concentration apparently decreases with the increasing of altitude, and the amplitudes of micro-particle concentration is much larger in the lower altitude than in the higher altitude. Further analysis of grain-size distributions of micro-particle, percentage of micro-particles from different sources and variations with altitude suggest that microparticles in this area are from a considerably dominant source. Although this area is controlled by polar easterly wind and katabatic wind, transportation and deposition of the micro-particles are mainly influenced by marine transportation in coastal area.     

3.4万年以来南极斯科舍海古生产力演变及其环境制约

本文通过对南极斯科舍海东南部DC-11岩芯生物硅、有机氮、TFe2O3与有机氮同位素的年代学分析,重建了该海区3.4万年以来古生产力与环境演变历史.研究结果表明,生物硅、有机氮含量与南极温度变化基本一致,暖期高、冷期低;有机氮同位素值与南大洋海冰变化相吻合,暖期小、冷期大,冷期硝酸盐利用率大于暖期.从末次冰期、末次冰消...