基于多尺度单元的城市化水平时空测度——以中国环渤海地区为例（英文）

Urbanization is a complex process reflecting the growth, formation and development of cities and their systems. Measuring regional urbanization levels within a long time series may ensure healthy and harmonious urban development. Based on DMSP/OLS nighttime light data, a human–computer interactive boundary correction method was used to obtain information about built-up urban areas in the Bohai Rim region from 1992 to 2012. Consequently, a method was proposed and applied to measure urbanization levels using four measurement scale units: administrative division, land-sea location, terrain feature, and geomorphological types. Our conclusions are: 1) The extraction results based on DMSP/OLS nighttime light data showed substantial agreement with those obtained using Landsat TM/ETM+ data on spatial patterns. The overall accuracy was 97.70% on average, with an average Kappa of 0.79, indicating that the results extracted from DMSP/OLS nighttime light data were reliable and could well reflect the actual status of built-up urban areas. 2) Bohai Rim's urbanization level has increased significantly, demonstrating a high annual growth rate from 1998 to 2006. Areas with high urbanization levels have relocated evidently from capital to coastal cities. 3) The distribution of built-up urban areas showed a certain degree of zonal variation. The urbanization level was negatively correlated with relief amplitude and altitude. A high level of urbanization was found in low altitude platforms and low altitude plains, with a gradual narrowing of the gap between these two geomorphological types. 4) The measurement method presented in this study is fast, convenient, and incorporates multiple perspectives. It would offer various directions for urban construction and provide reference values for measuring national-level urbanization.     

1990s以来京津冀地区经济发展失衡格局的时空演化

1990s以来京津冀地区经济增长快速,然而经济发展在行政辖区间并不均衡,且逐渐导致环京津贫困带的形成.为识别经济发展失衡格局的演化过程,首先引入DMSP/OLS夜间灯光和可比价GDP,构建"单位开发活动GDP"表征区域经济发展状况;然后运用Local Moran's I将区域经济发展格局划分为五种类型:HH富化扩散,HL富化极化,LH贫化塌陷,LL贫化制约和非显著;最后以HH类型的边界作为京津冀地区经济发展失衡界线,采用缓冲区分析探讨经济发展失衡格局的演化过程和行政区划等人为因素对经济发展的制约效应.结果表明:① 整体上,1990s以来京津冀地区经济发展失衡格局不断加剧,京津富化扩散与河北贫化制约的规模与强度同时增长;局部上,受京津市区经济发展的外溢效应,京津郊区及区位优势显著的部分河北地区经济发展较快.② 与传统认知的"环京津贫困带"不同,在两个空间尺度上识别出经济发展断层,一为京津市区与郊区之间,二为京津与河北之间,且前者的区域经济发展失衡整体上较后者更为严峻.③ 1990s以来京津冀地区经济发展的失衡格局,整体上受制于城乡二元体制带来的城乡隔离效应,局部上受京津冀三地的行政制约.要实现京津冀地区经济发展的协同均衡,关键在于弱化城乡隔离,并辅以消除行政制约.     

Minimal‐disturbance seismic rehabilitation of steel moment‐resisting frames using light‐weight steel elements

This paper presents a rehabilitation technique developed under a design and construction scheme, termed minimal‐disturbance seismic rehabilitation. This scheme pursues enhancing the seismic performance of buildings with the intention of improving the continuity of business while minimizing obstruction of the visual and physical space of building users and the use of heavy construction equipment and hot work (welding/cutting). The developed rehabilitation technique consists of light‐weight steel elements and aims to decrease demands to beam‐ends of steel moment‐resisting frames. The behavior of the baseline model was verified through numerical analysis and proof‐of‐concept testing. Furthermore, the effectiveness of rehabilitation is studied through retrofitting a four‐story steel moment‐resisting frame originally designed with Japanese design guidelines. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Particulate suspended matter concentrations in the Bahía Blanca Estuary,Argentina: Implication for the development of phytoplankton blooms

The inner zone of the Bahía Blanca Estuary is shallow, nutrient-rich and turbid. Tidal energy and water turbulence strongly affect the water column resulting in a well-mixed structure and high concentrations of suspended sediment. The phytoplankton community is mostly dominated by diatoms and the annual pattern has been characterized by a recurrent winter-early spring bloom. Here, we investigated to what extent the temporal variations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) regulate the phytoplankton blooms in the head of the estuary by light-limitation. Sampling was done on a fortnightly basis (weekly during the blooming season) at a fixed station in the inner zone of the estuary from January 2007 to February 2008. SPM concentrations and light extinction coefficients (k) in the water column were significantly correlated and showed relatively lower values during the phytoplankton maximal biomass levels. During winter, SPM and k reached values of 23.6 mg l⁻¹ and 0.17 m⁻¹ which were significantly lower than the annual means of 77.6 mg l⁻¹ and 2.94 m⁻¹, respectively. The particulate organic matter (POM) concentration was significantly correlated with the calculated phytoplankton biomass although the contribution of the latter to the total POM was rather low. Both, POM and biomass, had maximal values during winter (21.8 mg l⁻¹ and 393.5 μg C l⁻¹) and mid summer (24.3 mg l⁻¹ and 407.0 μg C l⁻¹), with cell densities up to 8 × 10⁶ cells l⁻¹ and chlorophyll a up to 24.6 μg l⁻¹. Our results suggest that the decrease of SPM concentrations in the water column with a concomitant increase in the penetration of solar radiation seems to be one of the main causes for the development of the phytoplankton winter bloom in the Bahía Blanca Estuary.     

Day–night and depth differences in haemolymph melatonin of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.)

Few studies have been conducted to quantify and understand the role of melatonin in invertebrates, and particularly in crustaceans and in deep-sea animals. In this study, we examined day–night differences in haemolymph melatonin of the burrowing decapod crustacean Nephrops norvegicus (L.) during exposure to cycles of monochromatic blue light (480 nm) and darkness cycles of 10 and 0.1 lx. These differential intensity conditions simulate illumination at the depth of the shelf (80–100 m) and of the slope (300–400 m), where these lobster populations are chiefly found in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Our objectives were: (a) to verify the presence of melatonin in the haemolymph of this species using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and fluorescence HPLC (HPLC); and (b) to study the relationship between diel variations in melatonin concentration and locomotor rhythms, in order to examine whether the former influences behaviour. Melatonin was identified in LC–MS/MS by Q1 and Q3 mass peaks at an elution time of 3.7 min, and it was also detected by HPLC. Melatonin concentration was found to be two orders of magnitude higher at 10 lx (4.8±5.3 ng ml⁻¹) than at 0.1 lx (0.06±0.03 ng ml⁻¹). Also, the increase at daytime in 10 lx was absent in 0.1 lx. When the locomotor rhythm of animals exposed to both photoperiod regimes was compared, the diel periodicity was found to be preserved, but the timing of activity shifted from night to day. Extrapolating these data to the field, we interpret our results to mean that locomotor activity preserves its diel character, but not its phase and amplitude, in a bathymetric range where haemolymph melatonin reduces its concentration and rhythmic fluctuation.     

中华盒形藻有性生殖过程中的光效应和光受体

以采自厦门沿岸的中华盒形藻(BidduphiasinensisGreville)为实验材料 ,通过培养研究了光对该藻有性生殖的影响。结果表明 ,光诱导该藻有性生殖发生的临界日长为16h,且其性分化反应随光照时数的延长而增强 ;该藻性分化反应的有效光照强度范围为40～80μmol/(m2·s) ,高峰出现在70μmol/(m2·s) ;光照强度低于光合补偿点的延长光 (8h光期 )无论置于主光期(8h)之前或之后均能引起精原孢囊的形成 ,白光作为延长光的诱导效果最为明显 ,蓝光其次 ,红光有效但不明显 ,远红光无效。由上得知 ,中华盒形藻有性生殖过程存在光周期现象 ,属长日植物 ,具有“光控”反应特征 ,但不典型 ,该藻可能同时存在蓝光和红光2种光信号受体     

深圳湾红树林老鼠簕灌丛的光合固碳及其影响因子

红树林(Mangroves)是生长在热带和亚热带海岸潮间带的木本植物群落。老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius)是我国红树林林下灌丛的主要物种,是林下植被碳库的主要构成成分。本研究选取深圳福田红树林区的林下、林窗、林缘和光滩等不同生境下自然生长的老鼠簕植株,测定植株生物量和光合特性等相关指标。研究表明,林窗生境下的老鼠簕植株的光合能力、光合固碳速率和地上生物量累积均达到最大;林下生境最不利于老鼠簕植株固碳;光滩的老鼠簕植株具有较高的地下生物量累积,但由于其蒸腾速率高、水分利用率低下,其固碳较低。光照强度是决定不同生境老鼠簕植株固碳的关键因子。在未来我国红树林造林中,老鼠簕可作为林下植被构建,以提高红树林生物量总碳库,但最适宜老鼠簕固碳的光照约为40%~80%。本文研究结果将为红树林造林实践中的物种选择和林分构建提供理论参考。     

2019 年夏季长江口及邻近海域锋面控制下叶绿素a分布特征及其环境影响因素分析

长江口外潮汐混合和低盐度羽流形成的泥沙锋和羽状锋对浮游植物与环境因子的空间分布具有重要控制作用。本研究依据 2019 年夏季长江口及邻近海域典型断面叶绿素 a （Chl-a） 浓度和环境因子的调查结果,以锋面为边界,探讨了不同区域 Chl-a 浓度与环境因子的分布特征及相互关系,以期深入了解锋面的生态效应。结果表明,在泥沙锋以内的近岸区域,水体垂直混合均匀;受长江径流输入和泥沙锋“屏障”作用影响,总悬浮物 （TSM） 和营养盐浓度最高,其中TSM为 220.0± 275.3 mg/L,溶解无机氮 （DIN）、溶解无机磷 （DIP） 和溶解硅酸盐 （DSi） 分别可以达到 94.7±21.2 umol/L、 0.85±0.33umol/L 和 95.3±22.6 umol/L;高浓度 TSM 引起显著的光限制效应,导致 Chl-a 浓度较低 （1.7 ±0.5 ug/L）。在羽状锋以外的区域,出现垂直层化现象;表层海水的 TSM 和营养盐显著降低,其中 TSM 为 5.1 mg/L,DIN、DIP 和 DSi 分别为1.0 umol/L、0.03 umol/L 和 2.4 umol/L;Chl-a浓度受到营养盐供应不足的影响,浓度仅为 0.2ug/L。高浓度的 Chl-a （7.5±4.1±g/L） 主要出现在泥沙锋和羽状锋之间的过渡区域,该区域营养盐得到长江径流与上升流的补充;同时,由于大量 TSM在泥沙锋快速沉降,缓解了水体的光限制效应,有利于浮游植物的生长和积累。研究结果验证了泥沙锋和羽状锋对 TSM 与营养盐的重要控制作用,这对于理解长江口及邻近海域藻类灾害高发区的成因具有科学参考价值。     

红螯螯虾网格蛋白轻链的克隆及制备抗体的检测

网格蛋白为三脚蛋白复合体,其介导的内吞作用是病毒侵染细胞的常用途径之一.而对虾白斑综合症病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)是对虾养殖业的主要病原,为了研究分析WSSV的侵染机制及进入宿主细胞的途径,在本研究中,克隆得到红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)网格蛋白轻链的c DNA全长,并将其命名为Cq CLC(Genbank登录号为KR075008).进化树分析表明,其与黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)的网格蛋白轻链进化距离较近.此外,在其蛋白序列中选择抗原性较好的片段合成多肽,并以此制备单克隆抗体,而后经免疫荧光和western blot检测从中筛选出具有特异性的抗体,为进一步对WSSV侵染虾细胞机制及入胞途径的研究奠定了基础.     

盐藻胞浆hsp70 cDNA的克隆及其mRNA的诱导表达

用cDNA末端快速扩增方法克隆得到了一个2652bp的盐藻(Dunaliella salina)胞浆hsp70 cDNA全长，编码着650个氨基酸残基的多肽。推导的氨基酸序列有2个ATP酶结合位点和一个多肽结合区。由克隆得到的盐藻cDNA推导的氨基酸序列，经GenBank blast后与数据库中胞浆hsp70序列一致。与莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)、人、小麦(Triticum astivum)和啤酒酵母(Saccharamyces．cerevisiae)胞浆hsp70的序列一致性分剂为83％、80％、81．5％和80．5％。Northern印迹显示，90min后，mRNA量在40℃热休克时是光诱导时的3倍。光诱导则使hsp70 mRNA积累相对迟缓。结果表明，所克隆得到的hsp70基因蛋白产物定位在盐藻细胞浆中，光诱导和热休克均可以使hsp70 mRNA水平明显增高，但以热休克为显著。