长江口海水盐度和悬浮体对中肋骨条藻生长的影响

2001年5月通过实验室培养的方法研究了长江口优势赤潮浮游植物种类——中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)在长江口海水中的生长情况。实验结果显示,在实验光强范围内该藻相对生长速率常数随光强的减小而减小,表明光照的可得性是影响其生长的重要因素;悬浮体的遮光效应会限制其生长。海水盐度超出其适宜生长的范围也会对其的生长产生不利影响。两个相互对比的实验说明在泥沙含量很高的长江口咸淡混合水中光照的可得性和盐度均影响中肋骨条藻的生长,综合这两个因素,在实验盐度范围内最适宜中肋骨条藻生长的盐度是约为19．2的咸淡水。适于中肋骨条藻适宜生长的盐度为14～23。     

夜间灯光遥感与城市问题研究：数据、方法、应用和展望

夜间灯光遥感是能够探测夜间微光的光学遥感技术,可获取白天遥感无法获取的信息。由于城市区域的人造光源是夜间稳定亮光的主要来源,夜间灯光遥感影像已被证明可以更直观地反映夜间人类活动差异,同时具有覆盖范围大、时效快和易获取等优势,可广泛应用于多尺度长时序的城市问题研究。目前,基于夜间灯光遥感数据的应用研究成果较为丰富,不少学者对夜间灯光遥感数据的数据预处理以及应用潜力等方面进行了归纳。但基于夜间灯光遥感与城市问题研究的整理和总结还有待进一步加强。基于此,本文通过对近几十年来有关夜间灯光遥感数据的研究成果进行了详细梳理,从多尺度城市空间结构分析、城市社会经济指标估算以及城市公共安全领域研究3方面入手,系统梳理夜间灯光遥感数据的应用能力。进一步根据数据应用过程中出现的问题,从夜间灯光遥感日数据应用、长时间序列数据集生产以及定量验证等角度探讨了夜间灯光遥感所面临的挑战与前景。     

基于DMSP-OLS和MODIS数据的宁夏城市化与生态环境耦合协调分析

科学认识城市化与生态环境耦合协调机制,对推动黄河流域及黄河所经地区生态保护和高质量发展具有重要意义。本文以宁夏回族自治区为例,采用长时间序列DMSP-OLS夜间灯光数据建立了适用于宁夏的城市夜间灯光指数（UNLI）,并利用MOD09A1、MOD11A2提出了一种面向大区域尺度的遥感生态指数（RSEI）构建方法。在此基础上,采用耦合协调度模型（CCDM）,探讨分析了2000—2012年宁夏5个地级市城市化与生态环境耦合协调发展过程。结果表明：①基于DMSP-OLS数据建立的宁夏城市夜间灯光指数与人均GDP,以及第一、二、三产业GDP相关性显著（p<0.001）,能够较好地反映宁夏城市化水平。②基于MOD09A1、MOD11A2建立的遥感生态指数能够较好地反映宁夏生态环境质量时空变化特征。③宁夏城市化与生态环境耦合协调度呈稳定上升趋势,整体处于基本协调-生态环境滞后的转型阶段。研究结果对沿黄城市生态保护和高质量发展具有重要参考价值。     

rGO-TiO_2/ASC新型光催化剂用于烟气光氧化脱硝性能研究

采用一步溶剂热法制备了活化半焦负载还原氧化石墨烯掺杂二氧化钛新型负载型光催化剂,即rGO-TiO2/ASC。分别考察了高温水汽活化方法和还原氧化石墨烯rGO掺杂量对光催化脱硝性能的影响,并进一步探究光照条件、烟气氧含量和烟气湿度对NO氧化脱除的作用,得出新型负载型光催化剂rGO-TiO2/ASC光催化脱硝过程主要过程。结果表明,5%水汽高温活化半焦ASC的脱硝效率最高,反应4h后可达52%。rGO负载量为8%时,负载型光催化剂rGOTiO2/ASC脱硝性能4h后转化率达70.68%。有无O2对脱硝率影响较大,有无光照对其影响次之。无H2O时,脱硝率呈现先平稳后下降的趋势。新型负载型光催化剂rGO-TiO2/ASC的脱硝过程由光催化活性组分rGO-TiO2/ASC的光催化氧化和载体部分ASC的常规氧化两部分组成。     

Assessment of Human Impacts on Vegetation in Built-up Areas in China Based on AVHRR,MODIS and DMSP_OLS Nighttime Light Data,1992–2010

Since the reform and opening-up program started in 1978,the level of urbanization has increased rapidly in China.Rapid urban expansion and restructuring have had significant impacts on the ecological environment especially within built-up areas.In this study,ArcGIS 10,ENVI 4.5,and Visual FoxPro 6.0 were used to analyze the human impacts on vegetation in the built-up areas of 656Chinese cities from 1992 to 2010.Firstly,an existing algorithm was refined to extract the boundaries of the built-up areas based on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System(DMSP_OLS)nighttime light data.This improved algorithm has the advantages of high accuracy and speed.Secondly,a mathematical model(Human impacts(HI))was constructed to measure the impacts of human factors on vegetation during rapid urbanization based on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR)Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)NDVI.HI values greater than zero indicate relatively beneficial effects while values less than zero indicate proportionally adverse effects.The results were analyzed from four aspects:the size of cities(metropolises,large cities,medium-sized cities,and small cities),large regions(the eastern,central,western,and northeastern China),administrative divisions of China(provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities)and vegetation zones(humid and semi-humid forest zone,semi-arid steppe zone,and arid desert zone).Finally,we discussed how human factors impacted on vegetation changes in the built-up areas.We found that urban planning policies and developmental stages impacted on vegetation changes in the built-up areas.The negative human impacts followed an inverted′U′shape,first rising and then falling with increase of urban scales.China′s national policies,social and economic development affected vegetation changes in the built-up areas.The findings can provide a scientific basis for municipal planning departments,a decision-making reference for government,and scientific guidance for sustainable development in China.     

氢气还原处理对天然金红石可见光吸收的影响机制

天然半导体矿物金红石因结构中含有类质同象替代杂质元素V和Fe,具有一定的可见光吸收和光催化活性。为改善金红石的日光光催化性能,在H2还原气氛下,对天然金红石粉末进行500～900℃不同温度的热处理改性研究。紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱（UV-Vis diffuse reflectance absorption spectra）表明H2还原处理显著改善了金红石在可见光区460～750 nm波段的光吸收,其中900℃处理样品的光吸收提升最为明显。电子顺磁共振（EPR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）测试表明,随着还原温度升高,杂质元素V和Fe从高价态（V5＋,Fe3＋）向较低的价态（V4＋,V3＋,Fe2＋）转化,同时金红石表面的化学吸附水含量也有所增加。本文认为H2还原热处理引起的过渡金属元素价态的改变,尤其是较低氧化态V离子（V4＋和V3＋）的形成,可能是导致金红石样品可见光吸收显著增加的主要原因。     

Experimental investigations of the bed evolution in wave flumes: Performance of 2D and 3D optical systems

Optical systems can provide very accurate measurements of bottom morphology in wave flumes. However, it is often necessary, e.g. when laser scanners are used, to stop the experiments and disturbing significantly the sandy bed itself, by emptying the flume. In the present work measurement strategies based on computer vision techniques which permit measurements also in the presence of water are applied in wave flumes at small and at large scale. Such techniques, based on the use of structured light, are demonstrated to be able to perform measurements of 2D and 3D bed evolution also in a very active area, such as the swash zone, where the alternating presence and absence of water makes it difficult to recover the bed morphology in a dynamic way.     

光色对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)稚虾耗氧率昼夜变化节律的影响

采用流水装置测定了中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)稚虾在4种先色处理下耗氧率的昼夜变化.实验设四种光色处理,分别为自然光(590nm)、黄光(580nm)、绿光(525 nm)和蓝光(435nm),光照周期为14L:10D,水温为25.0±0.5℃,实验虾的规格为(5.507±0.147)...     

不同地下水埋深下骆驼刺幼苗叶片生理参数光响应特性

为探讨地下水位变化对骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia Shap.)幼苗生长发育的影响,2008年9月在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘绿洲外围,利用Li-6400光合作用仪测定了人工控制1,1.5,2.0,2.5 m地下水埋深下骆驼刺幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn),蒸腾速率(Tr),水分利用效率(WUE)等生理参数对有效光辐...