利用NPP/VIIRS微光数据反演夜间气溶胶光学厚度

大气气溶胶具有气候环境和健康效应,且具有明显的时空和昼夜变化特征。因此探测夜间气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）具有重要的意义。NPP/VIIRS上的昼夜通道DNB（Day Night Band）为夜间反演AOD提供了有效的数据。基于大气辐射传输理论对夜间AOD进行反演,首先,利用“背景合成法”获取夜间城市灯光真实辐射值;然后,利用改进的“消光法”反演夜间AOD。选取华北地区作为研究对象,获得了2016-03—2017-02新月日期的夜间城市灯光真实值,选择其中的2016年7月和10月的2次污染天气过程,反演了夜间AOD分布。通过北京、天津和郑州的太阳光度计地基观测结果和北京市环境质量监测站空气质量指数（AQI）对反演结果进行验证,结果表明反演结果和观测结果有较好的一致性,展示了卫星微光数据在夜间城市污染空间分布监测中的应用潜力。     

广西桂林漓江典型河段水化学昼夜动态变化 及其对岩溶碳循环的影响

岩溶区河流水化学昼夜动态变化的研究,对年际尺度河流监测计划制定、碳循环研究及其通量估算具有重要作用与意义。本文选择桂江上游漓江典型岩溶河流,开展不同河段水化学高分辨率监测和高频水样取样工作,分析了水化学的昼夜动态变化、沿流程变化及其影响因素,探讨了水化学昼夜循环的生物代谢过程与光合作用机理。结果表明,硅酸盐岩分布河段与碳酸盐岩分布河段水化学存在显著差异,且具有不同的昼夜变化规律。总体上,受补给流域地质背景控制,从北部硅酸盐岩山区到南部峰林平原区,即从上游到下游,水温、pH、SpC、Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~–离子含量逐渐升高,升高幅度分别为3.63℃、1.99、125.23μS/cm、22.42 mg/L、73.32 mg/L。DO、pH、Sp C、Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~–及δ13CDIC等指标昼夜变化主要受水生植物光合作用控制,最大昼夜变幅分别为19.4 mg/L、2.02、56.4μS/cm、12 mg/L、48.8 mg/L、–2.05‰。K+、Na+和NO_3~–离子含量昼夜变化主要受生物代谢过程(同化作用)控制。桂林河段水生植物光合作用消耗水体DIC及伴随的Ca沉降能显著影响水体饱和度和CO_2分压,白天CO_2分压下降,水体处于过饱和状态,对水气界面脱气过程发生具有抑制作用。阳朔河段水体均处于过饱和状态,CO_2分压处于与大气平衡的临界线附近,意味着随着流程的增加,水体产生脱气的可能性在减小,说明秋冬季由岩溶作用溶蚀产生的碳汇是相对稳定的。     

Spatiotemporal patterns of outdoor artificial nighttime lights exposure in the Republic of Korea between 1995 and 2010

Outdoor light at night (LAN) would be a public concern potentially associated with adverse health outcomes mainly in developed countries, but it might also be an environmental health issue in developing countries. However, there have been few studies reporting the spatial and temporal aspects of LAN level changes incorporated with population exposure in such nations. Therefore, we analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of outdoor LAN exposure changes across the Republic of Korea (ROK), a developing country in Asia, between 1995 and 2010. In addition, we incorporated the population and its demographic characteristics of light exposure in this research. We utilized Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) observations as a spatial proxy of LAN and the ROK census data. This research observed 57.6% (≈57,800 km²) of land areas in the country to experience increases in outdoor artificial illumination at nights. The highest levels of LAN were found to affect about 58% of the total ROK population with major impacts on young and middle-aged people in recent years. Taking this research into account, it would require taking appropriate measures in controlling and abating outdoor artificial lights at night for both developing and developed countries. We anticipate that those efforts could prevent adverse health outcomes, for example, female breast cancer, potentially associated with LAN exposure.     

一种DMSP/OLS稳定夜间灯光影像中国区域的校正方法

随着遥感技术的快速发展,国防气象卫星计划作战线扫描系统（DMSP/OLS）夜间灯光图像开始更多的应用于人文经济研究中。由于原始影像存在较多问题,如DN值饱和、年际不连续问题等,因此在使用之前需要对影像进行校正。“传统不变区域法”是应用较为广泛的校正方法,但仍存在部分问题,如未考虑目标区域长时间尺度上的微弱变化以及连续校正前基准年份的选取。本文对传统不变目标区域法进行改良,以黑龙江鹤岗市作为不变目标区域,选取3期辐射定标影像作为参考影像对DMSP/OLS稳定夜间灯光影像进行饱和校正,通过对比各年份影像饱和校正情况,选出最为合理的基准年份,从而对饱和校正后的影像进行连续性校正。为验证影像校正精度,本文从国家像元DN值、省级GDP与电力消费量、地级市GDP和县域GDP 4个层面与对应DN值进行线性回归检验,结果显示经改进方法校正后DMSP/OLS稳定夜间灯光影像TDN与市级GDP的拟合度（R2）平均值为0.85,远大于传统方法校正TDN与市级GDP拟合度（R2）平均值的0.53,且随着时间推移,传统不变目标区域法校正后拟合度逐渐降低至2013年的0.40,而利用改进后方法进行校正的拟合度未出现递减现象,2013年其R2仍为0.88,表明与传统不变区域法相比校正精度明显提高,饱和问题得到较大改善。     

Fourier transform infrared kinetic studies of the reaction of HONO with HNO3, NO3 and N2O5 at 295 K

The kinetics of the reaction of nitrous acid (HONO) with nitric acid (HNO₃), nitrate radicals (NO₃) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂O₅) have been studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Experiments were performed at 700 torr total pressure using synthetic air or argon as diluents. From the observed decay of HONO in the presence of HNO₃ a rate constant of k<7×10^-19 cm³ molecule^-1 s^-1 was derived for the reaction of HONO with HNO₃. From the observed decay of HONO in the presence of mixtures of N₂O₅ and NO₂ we have also derived upper limits for the rate constants of the reactions of HONO with NO₃ and N₂O₅ of 2×10^-15 and 7×10^-19 cm³ molecule^-1 s^-1, respectively. These results are discussed with respect to previous studies and to the atmospheric chemistry of HONO.     

Potential for global mapping of development via a nightsat mission

Nightsat is a concept for a satellite system capable of global observation of the location, form and density of lighted infrastructure and development within human settlements. Nightsat’s repeat cycle should be sufficient to produce an annual cloud-free composite of surface lighting to enable detection of growth rates. Airborne and satellite imagery have been used to define the range of spatial, spectral, and detection limit options for a future Nightsat mission. Our conclusion is that Nightsat should collect data from a near-synchronous orbit in the early evening with 50–100 m spatial resolution and have detection limits of 2.5E⁻⁸ W cm⁻² sr⁻¹ μm⁻¹ or better. Multispectral low-light imaging data would be better than panchromatic data by providing valuable information on the type or character of lighting, a potentially stronger predictor of variables such as ambient population density and economic activity.     

对夜间云观测的体会

介绍夜间进行云观测的工作程序,对云的特征进行分析,提出了观测云的注意事项。     

复杂条件下湍流通量的观测与分析

随着气候与环境问题的突出，地球生态系统与大气间的CO2、水汽和能量交换引起更大关注。全球通量网和其它研究计划已在不同地区建立了大量通量站；并主要利用涡动相关方法进行通量的观测与分析。许多通量站设在地形起伏、斑块植被地区，且由于长期连续运转，不可避免地会遇到许多不利气象条件。国内各部门应用的涡动相关方法通量观测系统已有数百套。此方法似乎简单，而较准确的有代表性的通量取得却涉及许多问题。国外近10年来有关研究很活跃，国内则显得相对薄弱。仪器和台站很多，却缺乏合乎国际规范的处理程序和质量控制体系，影响到资料共享和合作研究。应根据国际最新进展和部分台站资料，在做成较规范的湍流资料处理程序的基础上，建立包括通量源区分析的质量控制与保证系统。对地形和植被都较复杂的情况，结合国际上几个较典型的通量站和国内祁连山大野口等通量站特点，做了简要介绍。      

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: USA, Eine Geographische Landeskunde , Vol. I, Der Grossraum in Strukturellem, Wandel, 3rd Ed. Helmut Blume . Introduction to Remote Sensing . James B. Campbell . The Sounds of People and Places: Readings in the Geography of American Folk and Popular Music . George O. Carney , ED. Development and Underdevelopment . John Cole . Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia: Example from Indonesia and the Philippines . Michael A. Costello , Thomas R. Leinbach , AND Richard Ulack . Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices . Leslie Dienes . The Third World City . David Drakakis -Smith . Scholars' Guide to Washington, DC for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (maps, charts, aerial photographs, satellite images, cartographic literature and geographic information systems). Ralph E. Ehrenberg . Population and Development in the Third World . Allan AND Anne Findlay . The Early Mapping of Hawaii . Gary L. Fitzpatrick . Energetics of Physical Environment: Energetic Approaches to Physical Geography . K. J. Gregory , ED. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management . William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole . Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa . J. Hinderink AND J. J. Sterkenburg . The Dynamics of American Housing . James W. Hughes AND George Sternlieb . Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State . Charles F. Keyes . Resolving Locational Conflict . Robert W. Lake , ED. Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives . Peter D. Little and Michael M. Horowitz , EDS. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science . David N. Livingstone . Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory . Ann R. Markusen . Wetlands . William J. Mitsch and James G. Gosselink . Historical Geography: Progress and Prospect . Michael Pacione , ED. Loess and Periglacial Phenomena . Marton P$eacsi and Hugh M. French , EDS. Regional Management of Metropolitan Floodplains, Experience in the United States and Abroad . Rutherford H. Platt , ED. Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man . Janos Szegö . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . Helen H. Tanner , ED. The Botany of Mangroves . P. B. Tomlinson . Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns . Rodney Vaughan . The Night After … Climatic and Biological Consequences of a Nuclear War . Yevgeni Velikhov , ED. Industrial Geography . H. D. Watts . Dictionary of Quotations in Geography . James O. Wheeler and Francis M. Sibley . Vermont Townscape . Norman Wiliams , Jr. , Edmund K. Kellogg and Peter M. Lavigne .     

林州地光异常在地震前兆分析中的应用

记录和描述了近35年来河南林州地区的地光异常现象,发现林州地光异常的出现与林州及其邻近地区中小地震的发生存在一定的对应关系。结合林州地区的地质构造特征和岩性(石英岩)分布特征对地光出现的机理进行了讨论。探讨了地光异常的观测和利用其进行地震预报的尝试。