卫星观测的西南地区闪电的时空分布

利用TRMM卫星上携带的闪电探测仪（LIS）所获取的10 a闪电资料（1998—2007年）对西南地区闪电活动的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明：该地区闪电次数的年差异较大,最多年份是最少年份的2倍多,闪电活动季节性特征非常明显,闪电主要集中在春末仲夏发生,呈现单峰值特征,4—8月是闪电高发期（约占全年总闪电活动的84.83%）。闪电活动的日变化表明,闪电峰值区集中在傍晚、午夜前后两个时段,闪电谷值区出现在09：00—12：00,夜雷暴多,这是与其他地区闪电日变化显著不同的地方。在对闪电次数进行了探测效率订正后,根据LIS注视时间,计算了闪电密度。西南地区闪电密度分布大体呈现：东部高,西部低;南部高,北部低。闪电密度较高、面积较大的高值中心位于中越交界的老山一带,非常明显的大片低发区主要位于西南西部地区。研究表明：西南地区闪电时空分布与当地的地形地势、水汽和地理环境条件等诸多因素有关。     

论鲁庄公七年夏四月辛卯夜,恒星不见,夜中星陨如雨

对《春秋》记载的“鲁庄公七年(前687年)四月辛卯夜,恒星不见,夜中星陨如雨．”一段中的夜恒星何以当见而不见这个千古未解的迷团进行探讨,在1994年笔者研究的1533年狮子座流星雨出现时呈现的天空亮度的基础上,结合古今中外的有关资料, 发现这天恒星不见的原因,实际是夜中出现的流星雨产生的天空明亮掩盖恒星．文中附带证明恒星不见和星陨如雨实际是出现在同一时段,即都在夜中．同时还估算了这次流星雨的流星数密度和流星总数、掩盖恒星亮度的流星质量以及被掩盖恒星的天空面积．     

中国地区天文夜晴空概率分布

利用１９９５～１９９７年静止气象卫星（ＧＭＳ）红外通道的数据,采用综合了时间判断法、空间判断法和红外阈值法等特征的一种综合判断有云无云的方法,统计分析了中国地区较高空间分辨率（优于２０ｋｍ）和时间分辨率（优于１ｈ）的晴空概率和天文夜晴空概率的分布．分析结果表明,全年天文夜晴空概率的极值出现在我国的西部和北部．冬半年的最大天文夜晴空概率值大于夏半年．其中西藏地区１２月的天文夜晴空概率可达到９５％．     

基于夜间灯光影像的太原市城市扩张特征及驱动力分析

随着城市化进程的推进,城市建成区范围不断扩大,在此过程中也出现了诸多问题。为更好地了解城市发展规律,本文选取1992、1997、2002、2007、2012年5期的DMSP/OLS数据和2017、2019年2期的NPP-VIIRS两种夜间灯光影像作为数据源,采用统计数据比较法提取太原市建成区范围,通过对太原市建成区形态扩张指数的分析,得出城市扩张规律。研究结果表明:①太原市建成区从1992-2019年太原市建成区面积增长了249.73km²,扩大了2.7倍,且建成区增长的面积主要集中在太原市的东南部。②2002-2012年和2017-2019年进入加速型扩张模式,扩张的速度快;1992-2019年太原市重心偏移距离为5676.42m,平均偏移速度为202.73m/a,重心位置总体向东南方偏移。③太原城市扩张的驱动力主要是受经济发展因素、人口因素、交通因素和政策规划因素的影响。本文为太原城市规划和空间结构调整提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

夜间云观测辅助方法

在夜间灯光很弱或者没有灯光、星光、月光的情况下,云的目测是比较困难的。常规夜间观测云的方法是,根据视觉,结合星光疏密、空气清晰程度、云体的颜色、移动速度以及伴见的天气现象和实测云高,参照傍晚时云的状况来判别云状。为了能够在夜间快速准确地识别所在测站云状,以现代化探测设备为手段,对夜间云的观测方法进行了总结,介绍了用大气辐射、大气电场、气象卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达回波资料来辅助观云,可较好地弥补夜间目测云的不足。     

Emergence Patterns of Small Subtidal Arthropods in Relation to Day/Night, Tidal, and Surface/Bottom Factors: Investigations in the Boreal Sea, Japan (Akkeshi, Hokkaido)

The emergence of small arthropods was studied in the boreal sea, Japan (Akkeshi, Hokkaido). In the shallow subtidal zone, two impeller pumps were set in the surface and bottom waters. The pumps ran continuously for 25 days (22 August-16 September, 1998), and invertebrates were sampled using a nylon net (300 to 500 m in mesh size). The small arthropods collected with the net belonged to 16 orders comprising about 60 taxa. In the dominant 23 taxa, a two-way ANOVA was applied to determine whether there was any significant difference in abundance between day and night and between surface and bottom. While emergence of 15 taxa (65%) was significantly different with regard to the day/night factor, that of the other 8 taxa (35%) was not. As to the difference between the two depths, the distribution of 15 taxa (65%) was significantly different. Furthermore, in 25 taxa for which over 100 specimens were collected in each of the two depths of water, emergence patterns were examined with regard to the synchrony with day/night and tidal cycles. There were various nocturnal patterns, and the strength of the synchrony with the day/night cycle was different for each species or group. Within the same taxa, nocturnal patterns were more clearly manifested in the surface water than in the bottom water. A tidal rhythm of emergence was only seen in zoeas of shrimp. Variations of the emergence patterns of benthic crustaceans are accounted for by a hypothesis that the frequency of swimming during day versus at night is different in each species. On the other hand, the emergence patterns of some zooplankton reflect by the daily rhythm of vertical migration or dispersal in the water column.     

京沪高铁站点对周边地区的经济带动效应研究——来自DMSP/OLS和NPP/VIIRS卫星灯光数据的证据

随着中国高铁建设的全面铺开,高铁新城正在成为许多城市发展的“新引擎”。本研究以京沪高铁站点为例,分析沿线高铁站点对周边地区的经济带动效应。由于相关社会经济数据的匮乏,文章应用DMSP/OLS和NPP/VIIRS卫星灯光数据结合距离圈层法对京沪高铁站点的经济效应进行评估。研究结果表明,高铁开通后,中等规模城市所在的高铁站点周边地区受益最大,其次是大城市高铁站点的周边地区,而居于小城市的高铁站点对周边地区的带动效果不明显。     

Remote sensing of human beings – a perspective from nighttime light

City lights, fishing boats, and oil fields are the major sources of nighttime lights, therefore the nighttime light images provide a unique source to map human beings and their activities from outer space. While most of the scholars focused on application of nighttime light remote sensing in urbanization and regional development, the actual fields are much wider. This paper summarized the applications of nighttime light remote sensing into fields such as the estimation of socioeconomic parameters, monitoring urbanization, evaluation of important events, analyzing light pollution, fishery, etc. For estimation of socioeconomic parameters, the most promising progress is that Gross Domestic Product and its growth rate have been estimated with statistical data and nighttime light data using econometric models. For monitoring urbanization, urban area and its dynamics can be extracted using different classification methods, and spatial analysis has been employed to map urban agglomeration. As sharp changes of nighttime light are associated with important socioeconomic events, the images have been used to evaluate humanitarian disasters, especially in the current Syrian and Iraqi wars. Light pollution is another hotspot of nighttime light application, as the night light is related to some diseases and abnormal behavior of animals, and the nighttime light images can provide light pollution information on large scales so that it is much easier to analyze the effects of light pollutions. In each field, we listed typical cases of the applications. At last, future studies of nighttime light remote sensing have been predicted.     

夜间灯光遥感数据的GDP空间化处理方法

 随着夜间灯光遥感数据的应用日渐成熟和资源环境研究领域,对空间型社会经济数据的需求增加,利用相关分析和回归分析的方法,首次定量探讨夜间灯光数据与统计型的社会经济数据的空间关系。为提高模型精度,按照我国省级行政边界分区建模,分析全国县级的地区生产总值、第一产业、第二产业、第三产业分别与夜间灯光指数的空间相关关系,最终建立全国的1km GDP密度图。结果表明,全国范围的夜间灯光数据与第一产业的相关性不明显,相关系数0.554,模型拟合效果差,R²为0.306;夜间灯光数据与地区生产总值、第二产业、第三产业均有明显的对数线性关系,尤其是与第二产业和第三产业之和,相关系数为0.824,R²为0.679。利用分区模型估算,生成的GDP密度图能较完整地反映全国社会经济分布详况,以及宏观分布特征。     

珞珈一号01星夜光遥感设计与处理

珞珈一号01星是兼具遥感和导航的一星多用低轨维纳科学试验卫星,本文针对珞珈一号01星夜光遥感设计与处理,详细介绍了卫星平台的有效载荷及平台设计;面向科学的试验目标,制订了科学的夜光成像任务计划,实现了全国夜光一张图任务规划;提出了面向珞珈一号01星的在轨几何辐射定标模型;研制了支持WEB端及移动端访问的数据共享服务系统;针对夜光遥感数据在社会经济应用问题,提出了发展指数和未来发展指数的珞珈一号指数模型,并通过相关实验验证了模型的有效性。珞珈一号01星可为社会经济参数估算、重大事件评估、渔业监测、国家安全等领域提供技术支撑。