National policy and SMEs in technology transfer: the case of Israel

Increasing the rate of climate technology transfer is a critical concern. The international community facilitates the development and deployment of climate technologies for the needs of the South in two primary ways: first, through the use of multilateral frameworks for technology transfer and, second, through in-country capacity building for research, development, and deployment in developing countries. However, scant attention is given to whether national-level frameworks in industrialized countries can support technology transfer. This issue may be of particular relevance to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developed countries, due to their relative lack of experience in international markets. The barriers that prevent SMEs from developing and exporting more technologies to the South are identified, by using Israel as a case study. Although Israel is an important global source of climate technology innovation, it currently does not engage much with the developing world. Four principle barriers to greater involvement of OECD SMEs in technology transfer for climate mitigation in developing countries are: (1) lack of knowledge of market needs in developing economies, (2) lack of financial mechanisms to support R&D, (3) lack of opportunities for partnership building, and (4) lack of support for demonstration sites in developing countries.     

Innovation for sustainable energy from a pro-poor perspective

The development and transfer of clean energy technologies to achieve universal energy access is challenging due to the inherent complexities of the energy sector, and the energy governance and financial systems in developing economies. Innovation is an essential part of successfully addressing these difficulties. Duplicating the energy infrastructure models of developed countries will not be sufficient to meet the needs of poor consumers. To the extent that innovation can accelerate energy access, it is important to understand the specific types of innovations that are necessary and how they might be facilitated. The general features of existing international clean energy innovation systems, which are predominantly driven by the markets and emissions reduction mechanisms of developed and rapidly growing emerging economies, are reviewed and the alignment of these systems to the innovation processes required to extend energy access globally is evaluated. Drawing on the innovation policy literature, the attributes of effective international and domestic energy innovation systems that are pro-poor and the associated policy approaches are identified.     

Intellectual property rights and the transfer of climate change technologies: issues,challenges, and way forward

The role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in the development and transfer of climate change technologies has been a contentious issue in negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Irreconcilable differences seem to oppose those who believe IPRs are an inherent barrier to the transfer of climate change technologies and those who argue they are an essential incentive to innovation. After providing an overview of the polarized debate on this issue, this article reviews the existing literature and empirical evidence and looks into some practical initiatives and recent developments. Finally, it seeks to identify a way forward that could help overcome the current stalemate in international deliberations by suggesting a number of parameters to structure the discussion on this complex issue.     

气象无线传感网观测节点的设计与实现

针对传统自动气象站对电力和通讯基础设施依赖性强,应用环境受到限制的问题,设计并实现了一种基于无线传感器网络的气象观测节点。气象观测节点的硬件系统以CC2530芯片为核心,使用锂电池供电,通过模拟和数字接口连接气象传感器,射频部分工作在2.4 GHz。软件系统以TinyOS操作系统为基础,开发了基于LEPS协议的多跳路由协议和气象传感器驱动程序。在野外环境中对气象观测节点的功耗、通信距离、传感器及组网性能进行了测试。测试结果表明,气象观测节点在没有电力和通信基础设施的环境中能够形成一个稳定的多跳自组织数据采集与传输网络,适合在高山、海岛、沙漠等艰苦地区进行部署和应用。     

面向业务保障的省级气象广域网络优化升级

针对省级气象部门骨干网络存在一些普遍问题,如不同线路没有实现负载分担,备用线路往往带宽闲置;省市间"不对称路由"对远程视频会议等业务的效果有影响;没有针对不同的业务做带宽控制,不同业务间存在相互影响等,采取了一些技术手段。引入策略路由对数据传输进行分流,同时发挥出多条线路的效益,实现了负载分担,并克服了"不对称路由"的现象,保证视频会议的效果。引入一系列QoS(服务质量)策略,对线路上不同业务占用带宽进行管理,既保证实时数据传输和视频会议`等关键业务的带宽,同时又为其他业务提供了动态的带宽资源,充分利用现有的网络带宽。经过测试,整个网络的优化升级,达到了设计的预期目标,可以为其他部门网络设计提供较好的借鉴。     

河南省农业气象服务平台的设计与实现

为适应日益增长的农业气象产品服务需求,构建了河南省农业气象服务平台。河南省农业气象服务平台采用省、市、县三级产品共享机制,采用统一产品格式、统一管理接口等方式对农业气象服务产品统一管理和网络共享。平台基于Internet运行,选择Meteo GIS作为地图服务,使用Flex技术和JSP语言进行开发。为了灵活适应不同地区的服务产品格式和服务需求,平台设计了产品自动转换程序,将不同的产品类型转换为统一的格式;开发了各区域展示页面和产品类型可以定制的功能。通过分级用户管理,实现全省农业气象服务产品的展示、气象资料的地图查询分析、特色农业、预警信息及农事建议的发布、专家在线指导、数据管理及用户管理等功能。河南省农业气象服务平台已通过验收并投入业务运行。业务运行结果表明,采用省、市、县三级共享机制的农业气象服务平台,实现了全省农业气象服务产品的分级管理和分级共享,扩大了农业气象服务的覆盖面,提高了农业气象服务的工作效率。     

The Coral Triangle Initiative and regional exchanges: Strengthening capacity through a regional learning network

Natural resource management and conservation programs that promote building capacity and social learning among participants often lead to the formation of learning networks: a type of social network where learning is both a goal and potential outcome of the network. Through forming relationships and sharing information, participants in a learning network build social capital that can help a network achieve social and environmental goals. In this study, we explored social capital in a learning network that emerged through a large-scale marine governance effort, the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security. Through a mixture of social network analysis and key informant interviews, we examined the major patterns of information exchange among individuals who had participated in regional learning exchanges; evaluated whether the network's structure resulted in information sharing; and considered implications for strengthening network sustainability, capacity building, and learning. We found that the Regional Exchange network fostered information sharing among participants across national and organizational boundaries. While the network had individuals who were more central to information sharing, the network structure was generally decentralized, indicating potential resilience to changes in leadership and membership. Participants stressed the importance of the knowledge and connections they had acquired through the learning network; however, they expressed doubts regarding its sustainability and stressed the need for a strong coordinating entity. Our findings suggest that conservation learning networks have the ability to bridge cultural divides and promote social learning; however, a strong network coordinator and continuing efforts to support information sharing and learning are crucial to the network's strength and sustainability. The tangible learning and capacity development outcomes cultivated through Regional Exchange network underscore the value of and need to invest in conservation networks that support peer-to-peer learning.     

MARS软件在数值预报模式产品数据管理中的应用

该文简单介绍MARS (Meteorological Archival and Retrieval System) 软件的架构及组成部分,并基于MARS软件,介绍了数值预报产品数据管理系统设计与实现。通过在GRIB2数据段对应描述层次类型和气象要素的表格文件中定义新的层次类型和气象要素,在MARS软件解析GRIB2数据所需要查找的相关模板表格文件中定义气象要素对应的产品类型号、要素类别号、要素号、要素名称和要素名称缩写,说明GRIB2数据模板和代码表创建方法。以GRAPES模式产品GRIB2数据为例,实现应用MARS软件管理GRAPES模式产品GRIB2数据。结合存储管理TSM (Tivoli Storage Manager) 软件,研究开发MARS软件和TSM软件连接接口程序,实现数据的直接迁移和回调。以T639L60模式产品为例,通过测试检索性能,MARS软件检索数值预报产品速度超过当前国家级气象数据管理系统数据检索速度1倍,说明MARS软件检索数值预报产品数据具有时效优势。     

低温雨雪过程的粒子群-神经网络预报模型

利用逐日气温和降水量数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及预报场资料,通过分析提取我国南方区域持续性低温雨雪过程及其预报因子,使用粒子群-神经网络方法建立非线性的统计集合预报模型 (PSONN-EPM),对我国南方区域持续性低温雨雪过程进行预报试验。结果表明:以过程的冷湿程度及影响范围为标准,将低温雨雪过程分为一般过程和严重过程,并建立不同的预报模型效果较好。通过10 d独立样本预报试验看,基于粒子群-神经网络方法建立的集合预报模型比基于逐步回归方法建立的预报模型的预报平均相对误差小,对严重过程预报能力高于对一般过程预报,且这种非线性统计集合建模方法在建模过程中不需要调整神经网络参数,在实际预报业务中值得尝试。     

近50年来东莞气温年际变化的长期特征分析

运用福建省25个代表站汛期降水量资料，得到了能够反映全省旱涝状况指标，以此指标为预报量，运用相关分析和逐步回归分析方法，从前期海温场、大气环流场中选取了预报因子，并据此建立了福建汛期旱涝的多元线性回归和RBF神经网络预测模型。结果表明，RBF神经网络模型在历史样本拟合精度上、样本交叉检验和模型的实际预测能力上都明显优于传统的线性回归方法，该模型在实际预测中具有良好的应用能力和推广价值。