春运人口流动透视的转型期中国城市网络结构

基于春运人口流动大数据,选取对外联系度、优势流、城市位序-规模分析等方法对转型期中国城市网络特征进行分析。结果显示：① 城市网络层级结构中蕴藏着位序-规模规律,但与理想的帕累托分布有所区别,城市规模彼此差异相对较小;② 空间距离与城市等级在城市网络联系中发挥支配性作用,保证了城市网络的层级性与有序性;③ 中国城市网络核心联系呈现“两横三纵”特征,该特征与铁路大动脉的空间分布高度吻合;④ 东部地区城市网络联系更加密切,而西北、西南地区则相对稀疏,基本上以“胡焕庸线”为界,而“兰新线”是突破这一限制的潜在力量;⑤ 中国东北地区未形成明显的区域性中心,城市联系形成带状网络;⑥ 华北与华南地区的“灯下黑”现象值得警惕,缓解这一问题的可行办法是核心城市功能的对外疏散,加强核心城市与周边城市之间的联系;⑦ 带状区域发展或许将成为未来中国区域经济发展的流行模式和中坚力量。总体上看,针对于揭示转型期中国城市网络结构特征,春运人口流动数据具有一定的研究价值,是城市与人口研究领域一个值得深入挖掘的重要数据源。     

Focal Mechanism Solutions and Stress Field Inversion of Moderately Strong Earthquakes in the Northern Tianshan Area

Using the focal mechanism solutions of 24 moderately strong earthquakes in the northern Tianshan area, we carried out system cluster and stress field inversion analysis. The result indicates that, the focal mechanism solutions of moderately strong earthquakes are mainly dipslip reverse faulting in the northern Tianshan area. The principal rupture planes of earthquakes are NW-oriented. It is basically consistent with the strike of earthquake structure in its adjacent area. The direction of the principal compression stress P axis is nearly NS, and its inclination angle is small; while the inclination angle of the principal extensional stress T axis is large. It shows that the regional stress field is mainly controlled by the near-NS horizontal compressive stress. The direction of the maximum principal stress shows a gradation process of NNE-NS-NW from east to west.     

From Celsius to Chaos to Cyclones: Using Temperature-Conversion Equations to Introduce Advanced Mathematical Concepts in Earth Science Courses

The Fahrenheit-to-Celsius temperature-conversion equation is a basic component of many introductory earth science courses. Despite its simplicity, it presents a challenge to students and instructors alike because residents of the United States are unfamiliar with the Celsius scale. By solving for the point at which these two temperature scales are equal, it is possible to use the equations for temperature conversion as a springboard to more advanced topics. It is demonstrated that temperature-conversion equations and chaotic equations can be solved using identical numerical and graphical techniques. As a result, the fundamental concepts of chaos theory and numerical methods can be introduced to students in the context of the simplest equations in the earth sciences. These solution methods are applied to the quantitative theory of the extratropical cyclone as an example of the utility and broad scope of this educational approach.     

Land cover classification by an artificial neural network with ancillary information

Abstract

Remote sensing is an important source of land cover data required by many GIS users. Land cover data are typically derived from remotely–sensed data through the application of a conventional statistical classification. Such classification techniques are not, however, always appropriate, particularly as they may make untenable assumptions about the data and their output is hard, comprising only the code of the most likely class of membership. Whilst some deviation from the assumptions may be tolerated and a fuzzy output may be derived, making more information on class membership properties available, alternative classification procedures are sometimes required. Artificial neural networks are an attractive alternative to the statistical classifiers and here one is used to derive a fuzzy classification output from a remotely–sensed data set that may be post–processed with ancillary data available in a GIS to increase the accuracy with which land cover may be mapped. With the aid ancillary information on soil type and prior knowledge of class occurrence the accuracy of an artificial neural network classification was increased by 29–93 to 77–37 per cent. An artificial neural network can therefore be used generate a fuzzy classification output that may be used with other data sets in a GIS, which may not have been available to the producer of the classification, to increase the accuracy with which land cover may be classified.     

城市道路网络特征对交通事故作用机理的研究进展

机动交通快速发展背景下城市道路交通安全问题日益严峻,道路网络作为影响区域交通流与居民交通出行行为的关键因素,对区域交通事故的数量、类型和空间分布具有重要影响。论文从道路布局形式与几何拓扑特征2个方面归纳总结城市道路网络特征对交通事故的作用机理,并通过梳理道路网络与交通出行行为的关系分析其对交通事故的潜在影响。研究指出,格网型、平行曲线型、回路尽端型等道路网络布局形式以及中心性、连通性等道路网络拓扑指标,对交通事故的类型、频率和严重程度的影响存在差异性和空间尺度效应;合理的交叉口密度、路网密度、街区密度等道路网络几何特征对于提升交通安全水平具有重要作用。未来研究需要进一步运用复杂网络理论刻画道路网络的结构、功能等特征,在控制居住自选择效应的基础上,从交通出行行为视角深入分析复杂道路网络对交通事故的作用机制与非线性影响,同时考虑道路网络特征与建成环境的潜在交互作用。     

基于城市交通网络的广州“1小时交通圈”划分

“1 h交通圈”的确定对区域经济发展、城市远景规划,甚至居民的生产生活都有着重要影响。然而现有研究几乎都采用欧几里得距离（直线距离）方法定性地、粗略地表示“1 h交通圈”。为弥补这些不足,文章以广州为例,根据城市道路交通网络来划分广州“1 h交通圈”,定量并精确地分析该交通圈。结果表明：1）广州“1 h交通圏”覆盖了珠三角的9个主要城市,其中佛山受益最大;2）广州“1 h交通圈”的主要贡献对象是城际轨道交通和高速公路网;3）由于城市道路并非直线,广州“1 h交通圈”的范围集中在主城区的120 km缓冲区范围内;4）因为广州周边的交通网络发达,其“1 h交通圈”没有显现出很多的岛状区域。此外,广州“1 h交通圈”也对经济发展、政府服务、城市生活和基础设施建设有重要影响。     

The Coral Triangle Initiative and regional exchanges: Strengthening capacity through a regional learning network

Natural resource management and conservation programs that promote building capacity and social learning among participants often lead to the formation of learning networks: a type of social network where learning is both a goal and potential outcome of the network. Through forming relationships and sharing information, participants in a learning network build social capital that can help a network achieve social and environmental goals. In this study, we explored social capital in a learning network that emerged through a large-scale marine governance effort, the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security. Through a mixture of social network analysis and key informant interviews, we examined the major patterns of information exchange among individuals who had participated in regional learning exchanges; evaluated whether the network's structure resulted in information sharing; and considered implications for strengthening network sustainability, capacity building, and learning. We found that the Regional Exchange network fostered information sharing among participants across national and organizational boundaries. While the network had individuals who were more central to information sharing, the network structure was generally decentralized, indicating potential resilience to changes in leadership and membership. Participants stressed the importance of the knowledge and connections they had acquired through the learning network; however, they expressed doubts regarding its sustainability and stressed the need for a strong coordinating entity. Our findings suggest that conservation learning networks have the ability to bridge cultural divides and promote social learning; however, a strong network coordinator and continuing efforts to support information sharing and learning are crucial to the network's strength and sustainability. The tangible learning and capacity development outcomes cultivated through Regional Exchange network underscore the value of and need to invest in conservation networks that support peer-to-peer learning.     

基于DEM的数字流域特征提取研究进展

数字高程模型(DEM)是地表形态高程属性的数字化表达,利用流域DEM数据构建数字水系模型并提取流域水文特征,是分布式水文过程模拟的重要基础。DEM中闭合洼地和平坦区域的处理、流向的确定以及DEM分辨率的大小都直接影响着流域水系特征提取的质量与效率。针对当前基于DEM提取河网与流域特征的诸多问题,阐述了DEM数据提取流域水系特征的原理,回顾了数字水系模型与流域特征提取方法,评述了洼地和平地的处理方法及水流方向的确定方法的研究进展,介绍了当前基于不同DEM数据类型的提取方法研究,探讨了DEM尺度和分辨率对提取流域特征的影响,总结了平缓区域数字水系和河网提取的研究进展。     

金融危机下股市网络的结构特性研究

利用复杂网络的方法,以各国股市为节点,以各股市问的关联性为边,建立起各国股市间的关联网络。通过Matlab编程计算研究了该网络的结构特性,分析出国际股市网络具有典型的小世界性和明显的社区结构,不具有无标度性。进而从网络结构上分析了金融危机的蔓延发生。并通过影响强度分析研究了中国股市在国际股市网络中的位置。     

基于大型科研基础设施共享的区域创新网络研究——以山东省为例

在产业革命和科技革命的背景下,创新在区域发展中发挥着越来越重要的作用,网络化创新模式成为当下创新的主流模式之一.基于创新网络视角,利用大型科研仪器共享大数据,对山东省创新网络的空间特征和主体特征进行分析,研究发现:山东省创新网络在形态上呈现出以济南为创新核心辐射带动济宁和淄博等周边边缘城市发展,同时形成东部青岛、威海和...