人体几种典型病理性钙化物中碳羟磷灰石的红外光谱研究

选取人体心脏瓣膜、动脉、甲状腺、卵巢和乳腺5大类典型病理性钙化共38例样品开展了系统的红外光谱表征,重点探讨了样品内碳羟磷灰石(CHA)中CO2-3含量及CO2-3的取代类型特征。研究发现,这5类典型病理性钙化产物均以碳羟磷灰石为主要物相,相同部位钙化物中的CO2-3含量基本保持一致,但不同部位钙化物中的CO2-3平均含量差别较明显,甲状腺、乳腺中CO2-3平均含量最低,为6.2%,相比CO2-3平均含量最高的心脏瓣膜,相差3.3%。5类样品含有的碳羟磷灰石均以B型取代(CO2-3取代PO3-4)为主,伴随有少量A型取代(CO2-3取代OH-),钙化物中的CO2-3含量与B/A取代比值的正向联系不明显。     

唐山城市近地表灰尘重金属含量及环境质量评价

以唐山市主城区161个城市近地表灰尘样品为研究对象,研究其重金属含量及环境质量状况。采用单因子指数法和尼梅罗综合指数法对唐山城市近地表灰尘中重金属进行环境质量评价,并应用ARCGIS的空间分析模块进行空间插值制图。结果表明,研究区城市近地表灰尘中重金属含量均超过当地背景值。近地表灰尘中重金属元素Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu、Hg、Cr、Ni和As的变异系数分别是4323%、21399%、11321%、2956%、7083%、5180%、2921%、3267%,其中含量变异系数较大的重金属是Cd、Pb等。重金属元素单因子指数评价表明,Cd、Zn为严重污染,Cr、Hg、Pb、Cu 、Ni为潜在污染,As为清洁,污染程度依次为Cd>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Hg>Ni>As。尼梅罗综合指数法评价表明,唐山城市近地表灰尘重金属综合污染严重,清洁、潜在污染、轻污染、重污染、严重污染比例分别为0、372%、5219%、3851%、558%,重污染以上污染比例达到4409%,其严重污染区与工业区域、交通分布发达程度的分布相吻合,重金属污染可能与城市的燃煤、交通等污染源有关。     

云南来利山锡矿床黄铁矿标型矿物学研究

来利山锡矿床位于喜马拉雅—特提斯构造域东端,三江构造带南段西缘,是滇西地区著名的锡多金属矿床之一。为探讨矿床成因,进而为找矿勘探提供科学依据,对该矿床黄铁矿进行标型矿物学研究。来利山锡矿成矿阶段发育大量黄铁矿,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对黄铁矿进行研究,发现黄铁矿存在不同程度的类质同象取代现象,不同成矿阶段的黄铁矿图谱和吸光度均存在一定差异,从第一阶段到第四阶段特征峰向短波方向漂移; 成矿阶段黄铁矿吸光度比值与成矿阶段呈规律性变化。上述成果对该区进一步找矿具有指导意义。     

亮温与降水量的关系

卫星红外遥感亮温数据值除与地球的自转和公转存在密切关系外,还与大气环境和地理环境有密切关系。应用青海省黄河门堂观测点的降水量和水位,以及对应点地表亮温资料进行对比分析,其结果为：降水量与亮温存在可比性,在峰值时间区段内,亮温与降水量呈现明显的反向变化关系;降水量的波动变化导致地表温度的波动变化;水位、降水量和亮温属于温度对气候变化较为敏感的物理量。     

Near‐source seismic demand and pulse‐like records: A discussion for L'Aquila earthquake

Rupture directivity effects in ground motion are known since many years to both seismologists and earthquake engineers, i.e. in sites that are in a particular geometrical configuration with respect to the rupture, the velocity fault‐normal signals may show a large pulse which occurs at the beginning of the record and contains the most of energy. The results are waveforms different from ordinary ground motions recorded in the far field or in geometrical conditions not favorable with respect to directivity. Current attenuation laws are not able to capture such effect well, if at all, and current probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is not able to predict the resulting peculiar spectral shape. Moreover, it is believed that structures with dynamic behavior in a range of periods related to the pulse period may be subjected to underestimated seismic demand. In the paper this is investigated and increments in both elastic and inelastic seismic actions are quantified using a large dataset of records, from the next generation attenuation project (NGA), in which a fraction is comprised of velocity pulses identified in other studies. These analyses employ recently developed tools and procedures to assess directivity effects and to quantify the associated threat in terms of seismic action on structures. Subsequently, the same tools are used in one of the first attempts to identify near‐source effects in the data recorded during a normal faulting earthquake, the mainshock of the recent Abruzzo (central Italy) sequence, leading to conclude that pulse‐like effects are likely to have occurred in the event, that is (1) observation of pulse‐like records in some near‐source stations is in fair agreement with existing predictive models, (2) the increment in seismic demand shown by pulse‐like ground motion components complies with the results of the analysis of the NGA data, and (3) seismic demand in non‐impulsive recordings is generally similar to what expected for ordinary records. The results may be useful as a benchmark for inclusion of near‐source effect in design values of seismic action and structural risk analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湖冰厚度遥感反演进展与展望

湖冰是对气候变化十分敏感的冰冻圈水文变量,起到调节区域气候和湖泊生态系统的作用,并作为一种自然资源服务于冰上生产生活。湖冰覆盖和湖冰厚度是研究湖冰过程的关键变量,目前大多数湖冰研究集中在湖冰覆盖领域,湖冰厚度领域由于缺乏实测资料和专门的遥感观测平台还存在诸多空白,大量缺资料地区湖冰厚度仍处于未知状态,亟待方法和数据上的突破与创新。本文综述了近20年国内外湖冰厚度遥感反演领域的进展,介绍了各类反演方法的原理机理及主要优缺点,其中被动微波遥感方法具有良好的时间分辨率但空间分辨率较粗,难以覆盖中小型湖泊;基于SAR影像的主动微波方法空间分辨率较高但物理机制复杂,可靠性有待进一步验证;基于测高雷达的主动微波方法观测时段较长,物理机制明确,易于拓展到无实测资料湖泊,但空间覆盖相对有限;热红外遥感方法时空分辨率较好,但容易受云和湖冰表面积雪的影响,反演精度和可靠性有待提升。在此基础上,本文分析湖冰厚度遥感反演领域面临的主要挑战和发展方向包括：（1）厘清湖冰表面积雪相关的物理过程;（2）实现大范围实测冰厚和遥感资料的集成;（3）实现多源遥感冰厚反演方法的交叉融合。     

AIRS观测的东亚夏季平流层重力波特征

对流性重力波对中层大气环境有显著影响.重力波活动及重力波源的地理和季节性变化等信息是理解和模拟重力波效应的基础.卫星高光谱红外大气垂直探测器AIRS的4μm和15μm波段可用于识别30~40km高度范围和41km高度附近的重力波,其11μm通道可同步观测对流层深对流.观测个例表明,海面和陆面上空的平流层扰动影响范围均可达1000km,不同高度的扰动强度分布也存在差异.基于2007年6月至8月的AIRS观测资料,分析了东亚区域的对流层深对流活动和平流层的重力波,得到了深对流和重力波发生频率的水平分布.统计结果表明,东亚区域夏季夜间的深对流活动明显少于白天,但AIRS观测到的平流层重力波发生频率和扰动强度均显著大于白天,揭示了夜间对流层深对流诱发的平流层重力波在强度、范围等方面可能与白天存在显著差异.进一步对比分析表明,AIRS观测的平流层扰动高值区与深对流高值区明显不同.平流层重力波与对流层深对流之间的相关分析表明,在36°N以南的区域,41km高度上AIRS观测的重力波中,深对流云诱发的重力波的比例约为30%~100%.在10°N至36°N区间,90%的深对流均可诱发平流层重力波.分析得到的30~40km高度区间和41km高度附近的重力波水平分布对比表明,后一高度上的扰动强度明显大于前一高度,且前一高度在东南亚区域存在强扰动中心而在后一高度则没有.最后,给出了AIRS观测的几种典型形态的东亚区域平流层波动,表明了该区域平流层环境波动形态的复杂性和多样性.     

The displacement coefficient method in near‐source conditions

The use of nonlinear static procedures for performance‐based seismic design (PBSD) and assessment is a well‐established practice, which has found its way into modern codes for quite some time. On the other hand, near‐source (NS) ground motions are receiving increasing attention, because they can carry seismic demand systematically different and larger than that of the so‐called ordinary records. This is due to phenomena such as rupture forward directivity (FD), which can lead to distinct pulses appearing in the velocity time‐history of the ground motion. The framework necessary for taking FD into account in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) has recently been established. The objective of the present study is to discuss the extension of nonlinear static procedures, specifically the displacement coefficient method (DCM), with respect to the inelastic demand associated with FD. In this context, a methodology is presented for the implementation of the DCM toward estimating NS seismic demand, by making use of the results of NS‐PSHA and a semi‐empirical equation for NS‐FD inelastic displacement ratio. An illustrative application of the DCM, with explicit inclusion of NS‐pulse‐like effects, is given for a set of typical plane R/C frames designed under Eurocode provisions. Different scenarios are considered in the application and nonlinear dynamic analysis results are obtained and discussed with respect to the static procedure estimates. Conclusions drawn from the results may help to assess the importance of incorporating NS effects in PBSD. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of paired quartz OSL and feldspar post-IR IRSL dose distributions in poorly bleached fluvial sediments from South Africa

A comparative study using quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and feldspar post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (post-IR IRSL) was undertaken on Quaternary fluvial sediments from an unnamed tributary of the Moopetsi River in South Africa. The aim is to assess whether the post-IR IRSL signal can be used to date incompletely bleached sediments. Several post-IR IRSL signals using varying stimulation and preheat temperatures were investigated; of these the post-IR IRSL₂₂₅ signal was deemed most appropriate for dating because it bleached most rapidly. The feldspar post-IR IRSL₂₂₅ equivalent dose (D_e) values from this site are consistently larger than those from quartz OSL, probably due to differences in the bleaching characteristics of the two signals. Additionally, the post-IR IRSL₂₂₅ D_e values within a sample showed less variation in precision than the quartz D_e data, possibly due to greater averaging between grains in the feldspar small aliquots. The agreement between ages based on the OSL and post-IR IRSL₂₂₅ signals was better for younger samples (<20 ka) than for older ones (>50 ka); the cause of this variation is unclear.     

鄂尔多斯盆地海陆过渡相富有机质泥页岩特征及页岩气意义

以鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系-二叠系海陆过渡相富有机质泥页岩为研究对象,通过岩石热解分析、岩石抽提和族组分分析、有机元素分析以及煤岩光学分析等方法,对泥页岩中有机质丰度、类型、热成熟度、生烃潜力等地球化学特征参数进行测试;利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、物性测试等手段,对泥页岩中矿物组成、孔渗特征等储层评价参数进行分析。研究结果表明：鄂尔多斯盆地海陆过渡相地层中泥页岩分布广泛,埋藏偏深,单层厚度较薄,但累计厚度大;泥页岩中有机碳(TOC)含量平均为2.5%,丰度较大;有机质母质中干酪根类型主要为Ⅲ型;镜质体反射率(Ro)平均为1.2%,热演化程度达到中高成熟阶段;具有较大的生烃潜力(S1+S2);同时,石英、长石等脆性矿物含量较高;发育多种孔、缝类型;保存条件良好,为页岩气提供有利的成藏环境。