Archipelagos and networks: urbanization and water privatization in the South

This paper examines the interrelationship between urbanization and water supply privatization in cities in the global South. The purpose of the paper is not to evaluate the impacts of privatization; rather, the paper analyses the differences in pathways and modes of water supply privatization, focusing on urban and contrasting with rural areas. A distinction is drawn between privatization (organizational change) and commercialization (institutional change) of water supply. Emphasis is placed upon the interrelationship between regulatory change (a shift from public to private management of water supply systems), human use of and access to water, and urban waterscapes. In contrast to metaphors of 'networks' so often applied in analyses of water management, the 'archipelago' is posited as a metaphor which better captures the complex overlapping strategies of water supply provision in urban areas in the South. Building on this metaphor, and in response to the 'public–private' dualism often invoked in studies of privatization, the paper outlines an alternative typology of water management in urban areas in the South. This typology foregrounds the concepts of the territorialization of corporate power as a means of understanding the articulation between privatization and urbanization processes in the South.     

Aspects of the loss-on-ignition (LOI) technique in the context of clay-rich, glaciolacustrine sediments

The loss‐on‐ignition (LOI) technique for organic matter determination is evaluated with reference to clay‐rich, glaciolacustrine sediments. Examples of the use of LOI in glaciolacustrine literature are inconsistent in their methodology, and standardisation is called for. Problems with application of the technique to glaciolacustrine sediments stem mainly from the effects of additional weight loss due to release of structurally bound water and exposure time to ignition temperatures. Exposure time should be increased from 1 hour to 2.5 hours in the light of significant additional weight loss occurring between 2 and 2.5 hours in clay‐rich samples. The reason for this sudden increase in LOI after 2 hours (up to 86% of total LOI in some cases) appears to be the build‐up of a distinct surface crust during heating that insulates the core of the sample from ignition temperatures. Some time between 2 and 2.5 hours, the crust breaks down and exposes the sample core to ignition temperatures, increasing weight loss significantly. Overestimation of LOI due to loss of structural water is thought to be insignificant. Replicates of LOI at 550 and 1000°C in non‐calcareous, clay‐rich (>40%) sediments, show differences of <0.25%, which, for the purpose of inferring broad changes in glacier extent in lake catchments, is an acceptable error.     

模糊区域拓扑关系模型

拓扑关系是地理信息系统中空间要素之间最基本也是最重要的关系之一，是进行绝大多数空间查询和分析的基础。非模糊空间要素之间的拓扑关系在一般拓扑学等理论的基础上已有相关的模型和描述，并在实践中得到广泛的应用，如何建立模糊空间要素这间的拓扑关系是建立模糊要素地理信息系统的基础。该文在模糊扑扑学的基础上提出了模糊区域的定义，建立了用于分析模糊区域之间拓扑关系的理论和模型，提出了4*4-intersection模型拓扑关系矩阵，并分析了不同拓扑关系矩阵对于非模糊区域之间、模糊区域之间建立拓扑关系的区别和联系，最后采和不同公式对模糊区域之间的关系进行了系统的描述。     

基于网格的空间信息模型与服务技术研究

空间信息基础设施是实现数字城市的核心与基础，现有的万维网已经不能满足空间信息访问与处理的需要。该文对以空间信息为核心和基础的数据网格——空间信息网格的基础理论及网格中的空间信息模型与服务技术：进行研究。提出了空间信息网格的若干关键技术及网格中的空间信息模型的特点与要求，并对空间信息网格服务进行了初步的探讨。     

行播冬小麦热辐射方向性的影响因子

混合像元的热辐射方向性由于受到多种因素的影响而变得极为复杂。该文以行播冬小麦为例，建立矩阵模型，研究混合像元热辐射方向性问题。结果表明，混合像元热辐射方向性主要受到混合像元内部各组分在三维上分布的不均一、像元比辐射率的方向性以及由外界影响造成的各组分温度差异的影响。在这三个主要影响因子中，各组分的比辐射率是地物固有的特征，不随外界条件而发生变化。在同温条件下，像元热辐射方向性完全由像元比辐射率的方向性决定。而各组分温度虽然没有方向性，但可以通过组分空间分布对其产生调制作用。     

水土流失评价数据库建立中的数据标准化研究--以中国潜在水土流失评价数据库为例

在水土流失评价数据库的建立研究中，涉及到数据的标准化问题。该研究以中国潜在水土流失评价数据库建立过程中的数据标准化研究为例，探讨建立适合水土流失评价数据标准化的方法。研究包括了水土流失数据标准化建设中的评价数据库的设计、数据的标准化。其中，数据的标准化包括数据的收集与分析、数据的录入、投影变换、其它格式向ARC/INFO格式的转换、补充编制专题文档等。     

塔里木河下游输水与生态恢复监测初报

根据近三年塔里木河下游生态输水前后地下水位、水质、土壤、植被等项内容的监测资料，分析了塔里木河下游输水对地下水位、水质的影响，揭示了输水与地表生态的响应过程，探讨了地下水位与天然植被生长、恢复的相互关系，阐述了植被退化过程及相关因子，确定了维系塔河下游生态安全的最低生态需水量、最佳生态水位。     

塔里木河下游地下水位与水化学成分关联度排序分析

根据2001年塔里木河下游第四次生态输水前后地下水位、水质变化的监测和取样分析资料。运用灰色关联分析法。对塔里木河下游地表生态输水前、后的地下水位与地下水化学成分进行了关联分析。分析研究表明，生态输水对地下水质的影响比较明显。在关联排序中。阴离子的SO4^2-、Cl^-以及阳离子的Ca^2 、Mg^2 与地下水位变化的关联性较强；pH值与地下水位的关联度最低。仅为0．534；矿化度与地下水位关联度最高,达到0．863。