三维激光扫描仪平缓地形分区扫描方法研究

三维激光扫描仪对平缓地形扫描作业时,存在点密度不均匀、冗余数据多、有效扫描半径小等限制。为减少上述限制,提高作业效率,在深入分析三维激光扫描仪工作原理的基础上,提出分区扫描方法:根据到扫描仪中心距离的不同,将扫描范围分为若干环状区域,每个环状区域分别对应不同的竖直扫描夹角,各区域基于扫描点密度均衡的原则,设置不同的扫描参数。试验结果表明:竖直扫描角度分别为88°~89°、85°~88°、70°~85°、45°~70°的分区扫描方法为较理想的方法,与整体扫描方式相比,前者在作业效率、有效扫描半径等方面均有明显优势,数据点密度分布得到很大改善,利用效率明显提高。     

基于RPC模型的线阵卫星影像核线排列及其几何关系重建

针对核线影像无几何模型的问题,提出基于有理多项式系数(Rational Polynomial Coefficient,RPC)模型,利用投影轨迹法制作线阵推扫式卫星核线影像及其几何模型的重建方法。利用SPOT 5 HRG、CBERS 2-03异轨立体像对和SPOT 5 HRSI、RS P5、GeoEyeI、KONOS同轨立体像对重建的核线影像几何模型上下视差的中误差在0.2个像元之内;利用重建几何模型和原始影像几何模型进行前方交会计算所得到的地面点平面中误差在1 m之内,高程中误差在0.3 m之内,验证了本文方法的可靠性。     

基于LRIS-3D建立高分辨率DEM的方法及对比研究

在基于LRIS-3D系统建立高分辨率DEM基础上,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区桥沟小流域为对象,利用GIS工具,以三维激光扫描系统扫描数据为基础数据,研究基于DEM的数字地形特征和水文特征的提取与分析方法。研究结果表明：与普通DEM相比,高分辨率DEM提取研究区平均坡度变小、坡度标准差变大,总体地形向平坦转化,坡面曲率增大,沟壑密度增大,更详细地描述了地表特征。对流域水文过程分析、特别是对流域汇流的参数确定及汇流模型的建立有积极作用。     

基于回光强度的地面三维激光扫描仪测距误差模型

地面三维激光扫描仪是一种新型测量仪器,其核心优势是非接触、速度快、精度高,应用领域非常广泛,而使用之前的设备检校极为重要。影响地面三维激光扫描仪测距精度的因素很多,本文的研究以地面三维激光扫描仪测距原理及误差来源为基础,提出一种稳健的曲线拟合算法对点云数据进行处理,建立了基于回光反射强度的地面三维激光扫描仪测距误差模型,经实验验证取得了良好效果。     

声波扫描成像在石灰岩地层中的应用

介绍了利用声波成像资料识别灰岩地层中的裂缝、孔洞,并自动计算其产状、面积及确定其空间位置,通过与实际岩心相对比,研究裂缝充填情况、岩溶发育状况和断裂带的力学性质,从而为进行灰岩含水性分析,提供形象、直观、定向和定量的资料。     

基于遗传算法的BP神经网络模型在岩心扫描仪测定海洋沉积物多种组分中的应用研究

海洋沉积物样品成分复杂,由于基体效应的影响,利用岩心扫描仪开展X射线荧光光谱分析只能得到目标元素的强度信息,不利于该方法在成矿机制和古环境等研究领域更好地发挥作用。本文采用岩心扫描仪测定海洋沉积物中的铝硅钾钙钛锰铁钒铬铜锌铷锶钇和铅15种元素,尝试引入BP神经网络模型利用其非线性拟合能力校正基体效应。实验表明,以水系沉积物、海洋沉积物和岩石国家标准物质以及定值海洋沉积物样品为训练样本,采用遗传算法优化BP神经网络的初始权值和偏置,可以有效校正除硅之外的14种元素基体效应的影响,实现了岩心扫描仪XRF测量结果由强度到浓度的转化。本方法的精密度为0.6%~6.8%(RSD,n=11),国家标准物质和海洋沉积物实际样品中15种组分的预测值与参考值的相对偏差在0.5%~17.5%之间,适合于海洋沉积物中多种主次量组分的快速分析,拓展了岩心扫描仪的功能。     

High spatial resolution mapping of surface velocities and depths for shallow overland flow

Point measurements of flow rate, depth or velocity are not sufficient to validate overland flow models, particularly when the interaction of the water with the soil surface creates a complex flow geometry. In this study, we present the coupling of two techniques obtaining spatial data of flow depths and surface velocity measurements for water depths as low as 1 mm. Overland flow experiments were performed in the laboratory at various flow rates and slopes on two surfaces. The first surface was 120 cm by 120 cm showing three undulations of sinusoidal shape with an amplitude of 1 cm and a wavelength of 20 cm, while the second was a 60 cm by 60 cm moulded reproduction of a seedbed with aggregates up to 2 cm in size. Large scale particle image velocimetry (LSPIV) was used for velocity measurements with a sub‐centimetre spatial resolution. An instantaneous‐profile laser scanner was used to map flow depths with a sub‐millimetre spatial resolution. A sensitivity analysis of the image processing of the LSPIV showed good robustness of the method. Comparison with measurements performed with hot film anemometer and salt velocity gauge showed that LSPIV surface velocities were representative of the flow. Water depths measured with the laser scanner were also in good agreement with single‐point measurements performed with a dial indicator. Spatially‐distributed flow rates could be computed by combining both presented techniques with a mean relative error less than 20%. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Palaeomagnetic results from the Lancer 1 stratigraphic drillhole,Officer Basin,Western Australia,and implications for Rodinia reconstructions

A partial record of the positions of Australia during Middle to Late Neoproterozoic time is provided by palaeomagnetic results for samples from the Lancer 1 stratigraphic drillhole in Western Australia. Lancer 1 was drilled vertically to 1501 m, through essentially horizontal Neoproterozoic strata of the western Officer Basin. We studied 123 samples from 28 intervals of drillcore which were oriented by matching features (fractures, cross-beds, etc.) in the core with oriented acoustic scanner images of the drillhole walls. Three new palaeopoles are reported for red mudstones and sandstones (redbeds) of the Browne (44.5°N, 141.7°E, dp = 5.1°, dm = 9.0°), Hussar (62.2°N, 85.8°E, dp = 7.3°, dm = 14.6°), and Kanpa (74.0°N, 128.8°E, dp = 7.7°, dm = 14.8°) Formations of the ca 830 – 720 Ma Buldya Group (Supersequence 1), which exhibit stable, two-polarity magnetisations carried by fine-grained hematite and magnetite. The overlying ca 610 – 590 Ma Wahlgu Formation glaciogenic diamictite (Supersequence 3) yielded dispersed directions and an imprecise palaeopole that overlaps results from the glaciogenic Elatina Formation and other Late Neoproterozoic rock units. The results help to elaborate the Middle to Late Neoproterozoic apparent polar wander path for Australia and indicate, in agreement with palaeoclimatic data and previous palaeomagnetic studies, that the continent was slow-moving and occupied low latitudes at this time. Assuming that Australia and Laurentia were still joined at ca 780 Ma, comparison of the new Hussar Formation palaeopole with coeval Laurentian data favours AUSMEX, rather than SWEAT or AUSWUS, as the most likely configuration of these two continents in Rodinia. This preliminary study of Lancer 1 demonstrates the utility of acoustic scanner logs for orienting drillcores, as well as the scope for additional sampling and palaeomagnetic studies of Lancer 1, and other oriented drillcores, to yield a more continuous record of Australia's past motions and to provide magnetostratigraphic data for enhancing inter-basin correlations.     

Characterization of landslide ground surface kinematics from terrestrial laser scanning and strain field computation

Assessment and mitigation of the risk induced by landslide activation need an appropriate phenomenon investigation, to obtain useful information about the failure processes. The first step is the complete kinematics characterization of the landslide ground surface, by evaluating the involved displacement and deformation patterns. A dense displacement field can be obtained from comparison of a series of multi-temporal observations performed by means of terrestrial laser scanning. Subsequently, the strain field can be computed from displacement vectors. In this paper, a modified least square technique is employed to compute the strain on the nodes of a regular grid (2D approach) or on the points of a digital terrain model (3D approach). Such a computation takes into account the displacements, their spatial distribution, as well as the measurement and modelling errors. A scale factor is introduced in order to emphasize the contributions of the experimental points on the basis of their distance from each computation point, and to recognize possible scale-depending behaviours. This method has been implemented in Matlab and applied on two landslides located in the northeastern Italian Alps (Lamosano and Perarolo di Cadore). The experiments show that different kinematics can be recognized, and the presence and influence of eventual discontinuities can be revealed.