Impact of discretization methods on the rough set-based classification of remotely sensed images

Abstract

In recent years, the rough set (RS) method has been in common use for remote-sensing classification, which provides one of the techniques of information extraction for Digital Earth. The discretization of remotely sensed data is an important data preprocessing approach in classical RS-based remote-sensing classification. Appropriate discretization methods can improve the adaptability of the classification rules and increase the accuracy of the remote-sensing classification. To assess the performance of discretization methods this article adopts three indicators, which are the compression capability indicator (CCI), consistency indicator (CI), and number of the cut points (NCP). An appropriate discretization method for the RS-based classification of a given remotely sensed image can be found by comparing the values of the three indicators and the classification accuracies of the discretized remotely sensed images obtained with the different discretization methods. To investigate the effectiveness of our method, this article applies three discretization methods of the Entropy/MDL, Naive, and SemiNaive to a TM image and three indicators for these discretization methods are then calculated. After comparing the three indicators and the classification accuracies of the discretized remotely sensed images, it has been found that the SemiNaive method significantly reduces large quantities of data and also keeps satisfactory classification accuracy.     

Geo-rough space

Rough set is a new approach to uncertainties in spatial analysis. In this paper, rough set symbols are simplified and standardized in terms of rough interpretation and specialized indication. Rough spatial entities and their topological relationships are also proposed in rough space, thus a universal intersected equation is developed, and rough membership function is further extended with the gray scale in our case study. We complete three works. First, a set of simplified rough symbols is advanced on the basis of existing rough symbols. Second, rough spatial entity is put forward to study the real world as it is, without forcing uncertainties into crisp set. Third, rough spatial topological relationships are studied by using rough matrix and their figures. The relationships are divided into three types, crisp entity and crisp entity (CC), rough entity and crisp entity (RC), and rough entity and rough entity (RR). A universal intersected equation is further proposed. Finally, the maximum and minimum maps of river thematic classification are generated via rough membership function and rough relationships in our case study.     

Using rough set theory to identify villages affected by birth defects: the example of Heshun,Shanxi, China

This article uses rough set theory to explore spatial decision rules in neural-tube birth defects and searches for novel spatial factors related to the disease. The whole rule induction process includes data transformation, searching for attribute reducts, rule generation, prediction or classification, and accuracy assessment. We use Heshun as an example, where neural-tube birth defects are prevalent, to validate the approach. About 50% of the villages in Heshun are used as the sample data, from which all of the rules are extracted. Meanwhile, the other villages are used as reference data. The rules extracted from the training data are then applied to the reference data. The result shows that the rules' generalization is reasonably good. Moreover, a novel relationship between the spatial attributes and the neural-tube birth defects was discovered. That is, the villages that lie in Watershed 9 of this district and that are also associated with a gradient of between 16° and 25° are vulnerable to neural-tube birth defects. This result paves the road for predicting where high rates of neural-tube birth defects will occur and can be used as a preliminary step in finding a direct cause for the disease.     

Aggregation in continuous space coverage modeling

Uncertainties and errors associated with aggregation have long been recognized in the study of spatial problems. In facility location modeling, while much has been done to examine the aggregation of large datasets of discrete points, errors and uncertainties involved in aggregating continuous spatial units are not well understood. This study focuses on the effects of aggregating continuous spatial units into discrete points within the context of the location set covering problem. We propose new measures to understand and quantify errors associated with a continuous aggregation scheme. In a real-world application, the proposed methods can be used to suggest an appropriate aggregation scheme before the application of the location model. We demonstrate the concepts developed here with an empirical study of siting emergency warning sirens in the city of Dublin, OH.     

基于SPA的中国沿海旅游城市经济系统脆弱性评价

运用集对分析法从经济敏感性和应对能力两方面对中国29个典型沿海旅游城市经济系统脆弱性进行测度.结果表明:1)沿海旅游城市经济系统脆弱性呈现出一定的区域差异:绍兴、南通、唐山、宁波为低脆弱性区域,而广州、秦皇岛、三亚、深圳、海口为高脆弱性区域;2)经济敏感性和应对能力共同决定沿海旅游城市经济系统脆弱性程度;3)根据障碍因素分析,总游客量增长率、旅游外汇收入占旅游总收入比重、旅游业增长弹性系数、旅游从业人员占总从业人员比重等敏感性因子及实际利用外资占全市GDP比重、教育支出占地方财政支出比重、人均GDP、产业结构多样化指数等应对能力因子是制约系统脆弱性降低的关键障碍因素.     

Transferability of hydrological model parameter spaces in the estimation of runoff in ungauged catchments

Abstract

In this study, transferability options of the Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) hydrological model parameter (MP) spaces were investigated to estimate ungauged catchment runoff. Three approaches were applied in the study: MP space transfer from single, neighbouring and all potential donor catchments. The model performance was evaluated by a jackknife procedure, where one catchment at a time was treated as if ungauged, and behavioural MP sets from candidate donor catchments were used to estimate the “ungauged” runoff. The results showed that ungauged catchment runoff estimation could not be guaranteed by transferring MP sets from a single physiographically nearest donor catchment. Integrating MP sets typically from one to six donor catchments supplemented the lack of effective MP sets and improved the model performance at the ungauged catchments. In addition, the analysis results revealed that the model performance converged to an average performance when the MP sets of all potential donor catchments were integrated.     

全球地面天气报资料质量控制和数据集特征分析

在参考借鉴国内外质量控制的先进方法和技术的基础上,结合全球地面天气报资料的实际情况,阐述了全球地面天气报历史资料质量控制的方法以及质检码综合决策算法的原理.通过对"全球地面天气报质量控制数据集"(1980～2002年)中的270个数据文件进行全面的测试,分析了数据集的主要技术特征.     

三维空间点集可视化

介绍了采用空间点集绘制实体的方法,生成真实感较强的三维实体图形的过程和三维实体的交互式旋转、缩放、多方位剖切等可视化显示。     

基于粗集的GIS产品质量评价

在分析现有的GIS产品质量评价方法的优缺点的基础上．提出用粗集进行GIS产品质量评价．并用实例进行了具体的分析．得到了较为满意的结果。     

小波包变换与粗糙集在影像融合处理中的应用研究

针对高分辨率卫星影像提出一种基于粗糙集和小波包分析的融合算法。首先基于图像的粗糙集知识系统采用粗糙增强法对影像进行增强预处理,然后采用小波包对影像融合。实验结果表明融合图像比源图像具有更好的视觉特征。融合后影像不仅很好地保留了原多光谱图像的光谱特征,而且在增强信息锐化度,改善解译的精度等方面均收到很好的效果。