A Simple Method for Precise Determination of 23 Trace Elements in Granitic Rocks by ICP-MS after Lithium Tetraborate Fusion

Abstract. An improved alkali fusion method followed by HF-HNO₃-HC1O₄ treatment is performed for simultaneous determination of 23 trace elements (Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Hf, Ta, Th, U, and REE) by ICP-MS in rock reference materials: basaltic rocks (JB-2, JB-3) and granitic rocks (JG-la, JG-2, JG-3). Our improved method offers several advantages including: (1) suppression of whitish precipitates probably composed of insoluble fluorides by addition of HCIO4, (2) simple and reliable preparation procedure, (3) instrument calibration which enables straightforward simultaneous multi-elemental analysis, and (4) the very low background levels by using pure lithium tetraborate flux. We obtained the analytical results with a reproducibility of mostly <2 % (1) for the basaltic rocks and <7 % for the granitic rocks. The higher relative standard deviation (RSD) values for granitic rocks may be attributed to sample heterogeneity of coarse-grained granitic rocks. The analytical results of the granitic rocks demonstrate that Zr and Hf abundances are consistent with the compiled values and that REE concentrations agree well with recently published data, suggesting that the Li₂B₄O₇ fusion method applied in the present study is suitable for the analysis of the granitic rocks.     

A Flux‐Free Fusion Technique for Rapid Determination of Major and Trace Elements in Silicate Rocks by LA‐ICP‐MS

A simple flux‐free fusion technique was developed to analyse major and trace element compositions of silicate rocks. The sample powders were melted in a molybdenum capsule sealed in a graphite tube to make a homogenous glass in a temperature‐controlled one‐atmosphere furnace. The glass was then measured for both major and trace element concentrations by LA‐ICP‐MS using a calibration strategy of total metal‐oxide normalisation. The optimum conditions (i.e., temperature and duration) to make homogeneous glasses were obtained by performing melting experiments using a series of USGS reference materials including BCR‐2, BIR‐1, BHVO‐2, AGV‐1, AGV‐2, RGM‐1, W‐2 and GSP‐2 with SiO₂ contents from 47 to 73% m/m. Analytical results of the USGS reference materials using our method were generally consistent with the recommended values within a discrepancy of 5–10% for most elements. The routine precision of our method was generally better than 5–10% RSD. Compared with previous methods of LA‐ICP‐MS whole‐rock analyses, our flux‐free fusion method is convenient and efficient in making silicate powder into homogeneous glass. Furthermore, it limits contamination and loss of volatile elements during heating. Therefore, our new method has great potential to provide reliable and rapid determinations of major and trace element compositions for silicate rocks.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定黑钨矿精矿和中矿中的锰

样品采用过氧化钠熔融,酒石酸络合提取,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定黑钨精矿和中矿中的锰含量,碱熔络合体系避免了酸处理样品时大量钨酸沉淀的生成,解决了钨酸沉淀导致的溶矿不完全和夹杂、吸附待测元素的问题。在优化的工作条件下,方法检出限为0.019μg/mL,精密度(RSD,n=11)为0.92%～1.50%,并且具有较高的回收率(97.5%～104.0%),单次测定结果与协同定值结果的偏差小于国家标准GB/T 6150.14—2008硫酸亚铁铵法实验室间允许差。方法简便快速,无明显基体干扰,满足了国家标准黑钨精矿中锰的检测要求,可用于高、中品位钨矿石样品中低含量锰的准确测定。     

X射线荧光光谱熔融片法测定超导材料原子数配比

报道了用Ｘ射线荧光光谱测定铋钾钡系超导材料原子配比的方法。测量样片用熔融法制备，测定各组分的质量分数后计算原子配比并推出材料的分子式。     

X射线荧光光谱熔融制样法测定钛铁矿中主次量组分

采用熔融玻璃片法制样，X射线荧光光谱法测定钛铁矿中Fe、Ti、Si、Al、Ca、Mg、Mn、P、S、V和Cr等11种主次量组分。探讨了熔融钛铁矿的有效熔剂，认为Li2B4O7和Li2CO3混合熔剂效果好。方法用于钒钛磁铁矿等国家一级标准物质的测定，结果与标准值相符，对主、次量组分方法精密度（RSD，n=10）为0．20％～9．10％。     

Multi-scale observation and cross-scale mechanistic modeling on terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle

To predict global climate change and to implement the Kyoto Protocol for stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gases concentrations require quantifying spatio-temporal variations in the terrestrial carbon sink accurately. During the past decade multi-scale ecological experiment and observation networks have been established using various new technologies (e.g. controlled environmental facilities, eddy covariance techniques and quantitative remote sensing), and have obtained a large amount of data about terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. However, uncertainties in the magnitude and spatio-temporal variations of the terrestrial carbon sink and in understanding the underlying mechanisms have not been reduced significantly. One of the major reasons is that the observations and experiments were conducted at individual scales independently, but it is the interactions of factors and processes at different scales that determine the dynamics of the terrestrial carbon sink. Since experiments and observations are always conducted at specific scales, to understand cross-scale interactions requires mechanistic analysis that is best to be achieved by mechanistic modeling. However, mechanistic ecosystem models are mainly based on data from single-scale experiments and observations and hence have no capacity to simulate mechanistic cross-scale interconnection and interactions of ecosystem processes. New-generation mechanistic ecosystem models based on new ecological theoretical framework are needed to quantify the mechanisms from micro-level fast eco-physiological responses to macro-level slow acclimation in the pattern and structure in disturbed ecosystems. Multi-scale data-model fusion is a recently emerging approach to assimilate multi-scale observational data into mechanistic, dynamic modeling, in which the structure and parameters of mechanistic models for simulating cross-scale interactions are optimized using multi-scale observational data. The models are validated and evaluated at different spatial and temporal scales and real-time observational data are assimilated continuously into dynamic modeling for predicting and forecasting ecosystem changes realistically. in summary, a breakthrough in terrestrial carbon sink research requires using approaches of multi-scale observations and cross-scale modeling to understand and quantify interconnections and interactions among ecosystem processes at different scales and their controls over ecosystem carbon cycle.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定含重晶石的银铅矿中的铅

测定银铅矿中的铅,常规分解方法是采用酸溶法（王水和四酸）处理样品。当银铅矿中重晶石含量为40%~80%时,酸溶法不能完全分解样品,造成铅的测定结果偏低;且样品中大量硫酸钡的存在易与铅生成铅钡复盐沉淀而影响铅的准确测定。本文采用过氧化钠碱熔法分解样品,在试液中加入氯化钡,应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定重晶石含量高的银铅矿中铅的含量,通过优化取样量与稀释倍数等参数,配合高盐雾化器的使用有效避免了基体干扰。方法检出限为0.013%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.1%~1.6%,回收率为97.9%~102.9%,标准样品的测定结果可靠。本法采用过氧化钠碱熔,可完全彻底地分解样品;氯化钡的加入使重晶石含量高的银铅矿样品中硫酸钡对铅的干扰被消除,而对不含重晶石的铅矿样品中铅的测定无影响。本法解决了银铅矿与高含量重晶石共生时样品难分解的问题,同时解决了硫酸钡干扰测定铅的问题。     

结合数据融合与特征选择的遥感影像尺度多样目标检测

基于深度神经网络模型的遥感影像地物检测取得了巨大成功,很大程度上得益于大规模数据集的支撑。但是,从现有遥感影像数据集本身来看,不同类别地物的数量分布不一致,同类地物对象以不同尺寸大小呈现,是导致地物样本的尺度不均衡问题的直接因素。对此,本文采用数据集内影像加权融合与地物多尺度特征选择的策略来缓解该问题。首先,将数据集内两张影像的像素值进行加权并得到融合后的影像,从而使不同类别地物样本更加均衡且具有较高的背景多样性;其次,通过选择合适尺度的特征图预测相应尺度的目标类别,且允许同一尺度目标在相邻特征图上进行预测,这样使模型能根据目标尺度进行训练;最后,基于目标中心区域的特征图预测目标边界框,预测的边界框更符合目标本身的尺度。通过在两个遥感数据集上分别进行实验,表明训练的模型在对复杂背景下的类别不均衡目标的识别更加准确,能够适应遥感影像下不同尺度目标的识别。     

Fusion and fission solitons for the (2+1)-dimensional generalized Breor—Kaup system

With a projective equation and a linear variable separation method, this paper derives new families of variable separation solutions (including solitory wave solutions, periodic wave solutions, and rational function solutions) with arbitrary functions for (2+1)-dimensional generalized Breor--Kaup (GBK) system. Based on the derived solitary wave excitation, it obtains fusion and fission solitons.     

多传感器信息融合技术及其应用

介绍了多传感器信息融合的起源、发展及应用现状,阐述了多传感器数据融合的基本概念、主要类别、相关技术和方法,研究了几个主要算法及其适用场合,最后分析了该技术存在的主要问题及其发展趋势。