陕北黄土高原工程地质分区研究以志丹县为例

本文在以地貌特征为基础,充分利用地貌特征对工程地质规律性的控制作用,结合陕北地区地质结构特点、地下水埋藏条件、地质灾害发育状况等工程地质条件,对陕北地区的工程地质进行了简单的区划。在此基础上,以志丹县为例,结合区域内各地层岩土的物理力学性质指标及河流水系侵蚀状况,将志丹县分为黄土梁状低山丘陵区、黄土梁峁丘陵沟壑区、土石山区以及河谷区,并对黄土梁峁丘陵沟壑区的地层条件进行了较为详细的描述。本文的工作不仅为更深层次、更系统、更全面、更科学地认识陕北黄土高原黄土的工程地质特征提供了第一手可依据的基础资料,同时也可为类似条件下的工程地质分区评价提供参考。     

地表复杂地区煤田地震勘探方法及效果

以宁夏、山东的煤矿地震勘探为例,介绍了复杂地表工区地震勘探的方法与地质效果.     

基于支持向量机的喀斯特山区土壤环境质量评价——以贵州北部一茶叶园区为例

以贵州北部一茶叶园区80个表层土壤样品为研究对象,对其Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr和Cu含量进行测定,在MATLAB中应用支持向量机构建土壤环境质量评价模型,并与模糊综合评价法和内梅罗综合污染指数法的评价结果对比分析,探究支持向量机模型在喀斯特山区土壤环境质量评价中的适用性,其结果表明:研究区土壤质量Ⅰ类与Ⅱ类样品比例为33∶7,土壤环境质量大多数为I类;支持向量机方法的评价结果与模糊综合评价法和内梅罗综合污染指数法结果的相同率分别达到82.5%和80.0%,并分析结果有差异的样品,发现支持向量机评价结果更符合实际情况,这说明该模型适用于土壤环境质量的评价。      

阿尔金山中-新生代隆升历史研究进展

阿尔金断裂左旋走滑的同时,伴随较大的逆冲分量,总体成花状构造,引起阿尔金山的垂向隆升,大量证据表明阿尔金山自中生代以来主要经历了6次快速隆升事件,即白垩纪、晚始新世—早渐新世、早中新世、中中新世、上新世、早更新世末—中更新世初。新生代的五期重要的隆升事件,与欧亚大陆拼合后的印度板块持续向北的挤压有关,俯冲引起青藏高原的阶段性快速隆升,是阿尔金山隆升的动力学机制。     

循化-化隆盆地晚白垩世以来盆山耦合过程: 来自物源与磷灰石裂变径迹年代学分析的证据

循化-化隆盆地新生代沉积及盆地基底和周缘山系磷灰石裂变径迹年代学分析揭示了青藏高原东北缘晚白垩世以来经历过3期隆升剥露事件: (1)盆地基底及拉脊山和西秦岭北缘构造带磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分析普遍记录了晚白垩世-始新世中期相对快速的区域性的隆升剥露事件, 西秦岭北缘快速抬升的起始时间为84Ma, 受控于向北的逆冲抬升; 向北到循化-化隆盆地中部的拉目峡抬升的起始时间为69Ma; 更北的拉脊山一带快速抬升期主要为40~50Ma, 从而反映晚白垩世-始新世中期的快速抬升由南向北逐渐扩展.这一期构造隆升事件导致循化-化隆盆地和临夏盆地缺失了北部西宁-民和盆地古近纪所具有的西宁群沉积.隆升剥露结束于31Ma左右, 此时化隆-循化盆地向东与同时期的临夏盆地相连为一个统一的大型西秦岭山前盆地, 两者具有相同的构造、沉积演化史, 因此循化-化隆盆地他拉组底部地层年龄最老不会超过临夏盆地最老地层的古地磁年龄, 即29Ma.(2)渐新世晚期约26Ma拉脊山开始双向逆冲隆升, 并可能延续到中新世早期约21Ma, 隆升作用使循化-化隆盆地成为挟持于拉脊山逆冲带和西秦岭构造带之间的山前挤压型前陆盆地, 循化-化隆盆地开始大规模沉积巨厚的他拉组冲积扇相粗碎屑岩.(3)通过循化-化隆盆地咸水河组和临夏组的沉积相分析、古流方向和砾石成分分析, 揭示出拉脊山构造带在中新世8Ma左右发生的最大规模的双向逆冲隆升事件, 这次事件直接导致循化-化隆盆地由前陆挤压盆地转变为山间盆地, 形成现今青藏高原东北缘的盆山地貌基本格局.      

天山公路地质灾害决策支持地理信息系统的设计研究

天山公路由于其特殊复杂地形、地质条件及受降雨、地下水等因素,严重影响其正常通行,同时天山公路还经常受到泥石流、滑坡、崩塌、溜砂坡等地质灾害的危害,这对该公路稳定性和沿线居民的安全性都具有一定的威胁。因此,运用先进的技术手段,建立一套适应于天山公路的地质灾害决策支持信息系统就显得尤其重要。该系统的建立,对天山公路的建设改造和管理提供了强有力的支持。天山公路地质灾害决策支持地理信息系统利用强大的ArcEngine开发组件,针对新疆天山公路实际,引入RS、GIS的相关理论、方法和技术分析手段,采用相应的数学分析评价模型,对提高天山公路地质灾害防治管理水平和地质灾害的有效防治,以及评价决策等方面,都具有重要的意义。     

青海全吉山地区构造特征及其控煤作用

青海全吉山地区煤炭勘查工作的关键是对构造控煤作用的分析研究。为有效指导研究区煤炭勘查工作,通过对近年来最新物探、钻探等地质资料系统的整理,在分析研究区内构造特征和构造演化过程的基础上,深入探讨了构造控煤作用。研究认为：全吉山地区NWW向压性、扭性逆断层发育;断层交错,形成沿NWW向展布的一系列条带状断块,对含煤地层改造影响强烈;研究区内控煤构造经历了4个演化阶段,各阶段控煤作用不同且相互影响。     

The impacts of mountain pine beetle disturbance on the energy balance of snow during the melt period

Mountain snowpacks provide most of the annual discharge of western US rivers, but the future of water resources in the western USA is tenuous, as climatic changes have resulted in earlier spring melts that have exacerbated summer droughts. Compounding changes to the physical environment are biotic disturbances including that of the mountain pine beetle (MPB), which has decimated millions of acres of western North American forests. At the watershed scale, MPB disturbance increases the peak hydrograph, and at the stand scale, the ‘grey’ phase of MPB canopy disturbance decreases canopy snow interception, increases snow albedo, increases net shortwave radiation, and decreases net longwave radiation versus the ‘red’ phase. Fewer studies have been conducted on the red phase of MPB disturbance and in the mixed coniferous stands that may follow MPB‐damaged forests. We measured the energy balance of four snowpacks representing different stages of MPB damage, management, and recovery: a lodgepole pine stand, an MPB‐infested stand in the red phase, a mixed coniferous stand (representing one successional trajectory), and a clear‐cut (representing reactive management) in the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest in Montana, USA. Net longwave radiation was lower in the MPB‐infested stand despite higher basal area and plant area index of the other forests, suggesting that the desiccated needles serve as a less effective thermal buffer against longwave radiative losses. Eddy covariance observations of sensible and latent heat flux indicate that they are of similar but opposite magnitude, on the order of 20 MJ m^?2 during the melt period. Further analyses reveal that net turbulent energy fluxes were near zero because of the temperature and atmospheric vapour pressure encountered during the melt period. Future research should place snow science in the context of forest succession and management and address important uncertainties regarding the timing and magnitude of needlefall events. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

裂缝智能检测技术研究及其在埕岛潜山的应用

断裂(裂缝)对油气藏既有破坏又有保存作用。胜利埕岛奥陶系潜山油藏受裂缝控制,非均质性强,勘探目标预测难度大。本文以地震边缘检测为先验信息和启发因子,在自适应地震相干数据体上进行蚂蚁体追踪,精细检测裂缝,弥补了单一相干体检测分辨低的缺陷,获得了与钻井和实际地下情况吻合度更高的裂缝检测结果。对该区的油气勘探起到了指导作用。     

The Himalayan Collisional Orogeny: A Metamorphic Perspective

This paper introduces how crustal thickening controls the growth of the Himalaya by summarizing the P-T-t evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core. The Himalayan orogeny was divided into three stages. Stage 60–40 Ma: The Himalayan crust thickened to ~40 km through Barrovian-type metamorphism (15–25 °C/km), and the Himalaya rose from <0 to ~1000 m. Stage 40–16 Ma: The crust gradually thickened to 60–70 km, resulting in abundant high-grade metamorphism and anatexis (peak-P, 15–25 °C/km; peak-T, >30 °C/km). The three sub-sheets in the Himalayan metamorphic core extruded southward sequentially through imbricate thrusts of the Eo-Himalayan thrust, High Himalayan thrust, and Main Central thrust, and the Himalaya rose to ≥5,000 m. Stage 16–0 Ma: the mountain roots underwent localized delamination, causing asthenospheric upwelling and overprinting of the lower crust by ultra-high-temperature metamorphism (30–50 °C/km), and the Himalaya reached the present elevation of ~6,000 m. Underplating and imbricate thrusting dominated the Himalaya’ growth and topographic rise, conforming to the critical taper wedge model. Localized delamination of mountain roots facilitated further topographic rise. Future Himalayan metamorphic studies should focus on extreme metamorphism and major collisional events, contact metamorphism and rare metal mineralization, metamorphic decarbonation and the carbon cycle in collisional belts.