基于参数空间分布的海洋生态系统模拟

在模拟大尺度海洋生态系统时,由于子区域的生态系统有着各自的特征,导致参数值在空间上存在差异,因此参数在整个研究区域取常数的做法必须改进.基于此,使用气候模式FOAM的气侯态背景场驱动一个简单的三维海洋生态系统模型,并引入参数的空间分布,在全球尺度上通过伴随方法同化SeaWiFS叶绿素资料.引入参数空间分布后,同化结果得到很大改进:浮游植物表层生物量(氮)的平均差从0.155 3减小至0.060 6 mmol·m-3,下降了60.9%,有效地降低了模拟值与观测值在空间上的差异;浮游植物表层生物量平均值也从0.103 1上升至0.125 2 mmol·m-3,更接近SeaWiFS观测.实验结果表明通过引入参数的空间分布来改进海洋生态系统的模拟是可行的.     

南极放线菌NJ-F2萃取物的抗菌活性初步研究

从南极第24次科学考察采集的海泥样品中分离获得放线菌NJ-F2,对NJ-F2发酵液的乙酸乙酯萃取物进行体外抗菌实验,并采用16S rDNA方法对NJ-F2进行系统发育分析.结果表明萃取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为0.25 mg/mL,5.0 mg/mL;而对大肠杆菌和产气杆菌的MIC、MBC分别为0.5 mg/mL,5.0 mg/mL,但对真菌没有抗菌作用;16SrDNA分析结果表明NJ-F2为链霉菌属(Streptomyces sp.).     

黄、东海平滑真刺水蚤种群遗传结构的ISSR分析

为探求黄东海平滑真刺水蚤(Euchaeta plana)是否存在分化,对南黄海、东海2个海域平滑真刺水蚤进行ISSR分析。利用筛选出的4个ISSR引物对平滑真刺水蚤进行PCR扩增。共获得18个扩增位点,其中多态性位点14个,所占比例为77.78%。利用POPGENE软件计算遗传距离为0.071 8,遗传相似系数为0.930 7,从而说明2个群体之间遗传分化很小,并推断为黄海暖流影响其分布的结果。     

GPS现代化后L2C的信号质量分析

分析了L2C码的主要作用,比较了GPS现代化后L2载波信噪比的变化特点,阐述了伪距观测值的噪声水平。     

Regional and temporal changes in bivalve diversity off the south coast of Portugal

From 2000 to 2006, a total of 75 bivalve species were identified, varying from 29 (spring 2001) to 54 species (spring 2005) per year. Seasonal tendencies in diversity varied according the year, thus the interpretation of long-term and regional scales is essential before drawing any conclusions in other studies. Richness and diversity consistently decreased with depth and increased with sediment grain size (from low in very coarse sand to high in coarse silt). Diversity decreased progressively from 3 to 16 m depth, thus the harsher shallower environments (due to waves and tidal air exposure) showed greater diversity than the most stable areas. Communities in finer sediments were more diverse than those in coarser sand. Evenness showed patterns opposite to diversity, overall.Diversity and evenness maps (produced with multivariate universal kriging), showed that most geographic areas with greater diversity were farer from river outflows and wastewater treatment plants. Two types of geographic pattern were observed: areas with persistently greater bivalve diversity through time and areas that changed locally from year to year. This spatial analysis can be used to establish priority conservation areas for management purposes, and to analyse the persistency of regional diversity patterns. The area with most habitat heterogeneity (Sotavento) corresponded to greatest diversity.There was a positive relationship between Spisula solida and Chamelea gallina landings and bivalve diversity 2 years and 1 year later, respectively. Possibly, local fisheries, by selectively withdrawing the commercial numerically dominant species from the ecosystem, increased diversity 1 to 2 years later, as the ecological niches of the dominants are quickly filled by several other species thereby creating a more even community. On regional scales, no significant impact was found on long-term bivalve diversity in local fisheries,     

Aequorea taiwanensis n. sp. (Hydrozoa, Leptomedusae) and mtCOI sequence analysis for the genus Aequorea

Aequorea taiwanensis, a new hydrozoan species from the Taiwan Strait was described using morphological and molecular characteristics. Both morphological and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) data supported A. taiwanensis n. sp. as a valid species. Sequence divergence and genetic distance of A. taiwanensis n. sp., A. papillata and A. conica were analysed based on the mtCOI gene sequences. The mtCOI sequences from these three species of the genus Aequorea showed high variation frequency, with sequence divergences ranging from 9.10% to 11.9%, and pairwise genetic distances ranging from 0.097 to 0.130. MtCOI sequence analysis provided diagnostic molecular systematic characteristics for accurate identification and discrimination of the species of Aequorea or their populations, and will be used to resolve evolutionary relationships among them.It was suggested that 10%—20% pairwise mtCOI sequence differences indicated the specieslevel divergence among congeneric species in the Hydromedusae.     

High-resolution record of tectonic and sedimentary processes in growth strata

Growth strata are used to determine the kinematics of synsedimentary structures such as faults. Classical methods of analysis such as thickness versus throw plot consider that the available space created by fault slip in the hanging wall of faults is instantaneously filled up by sediments. This has lead many previous works to identify a cyclic activity for growth faults. Here we perform a careful analysis of the variation of strata thicknesses on each side of a very well documented normal growth fault in the Niger delta. We show that these thickness variations are induced by the alternation of sedimentary processes during continuous fault slip. Suspended-load processes induce either uniform or slightly variable thickness of a large majority of mudstone layers. Bedload processes result in a preferential thickening of sand layers in the hanging wall. These high quality data thus provide strong grounds for doubting the polycyclic growth diagnosed for some faults at the scale of sedimentary cycles and supports the notion that fault displacement rates can be very well behaved. Our study emphasizes the important conclusion that stable fault growth, and related displacement rates, can appear to be punctuated when viewed at the scale of sedimentary cycles. It follows that care should be taken when attempting to derive displacement rates on temporal scales equivalent to those of alternating sedimentological cycles.     

渤海鱼类复殖吸虫群落结构

根据 1983-1986 年渤海鱼类复殖吸虫调查的结果,对其群落结构进行研究.共发现复殖吸虫 14 科 48 属 84 种.多元分析结果表明:渤海复殖吸虫可以分为内海和外海两个群落:内海的黄姑鱼多睾吸虫(Pleorchis nibeae)-天津褶膜吸虫(Ectenurus tiagjinensis)-多变颈源吸虫(Derogenes varicus)群落(简称PED);外海的球形孔肠吸虫(Opecoelus sphaericus)-褐菖鲉孔肠吸虫(Opecoelus sebastisci)-马面魨拟孟氏吸虫(Paramanteriella cantherini)群落(简称OOP).PED 的种类组成、数量和多样性均高于 OOP,但优势种类和优势度却相对较低.群落结构差异与渤海地理环境、宿主组成、水环境等多因子相关.     

赤道潜流变化及其与ENSO的关系

应用TOGA/TAO实测海流和SODA全球海洋再分析资料,分析研究了热带太平洋赤道潜流的变化特征及其与ENSO循环的关系,初步探讨了赤道潜流变化对两种不同类型(中部型和东部型)ENSO事件的影响。对赤道潜流距平场的EOF分解表明,第一模态为"东太平洋潜流模态",特征向量主要反映东太平洋赤道潜流的变化情况;第二模态为"中太平洋潜流模态",特征向量主要反映中太平洋赤道潜流的变化情况;这两个主要模态基本可以反映赤道潜流距平场的主要信息。这两个模态对应的时间系数有明显的年际变化特征,并且与NINO指数都有较好的负相关,最大相关均通过99.9%的信度检验。相关分析表明潜流第一模态的变化滞后于NINO指数变化,而第二模态的变化则提前于NINO指数变化,即ENSO事件对东太平洋赤道潜流的变化有一定影响,而中太平洋的潜流变化又会对ENSO事件产生影响。通过个例分析表明,中太平洋赤道潜流的变化对两种不同类型ENSO事件的发生有重要影响。在东部型ENSO事件发生前,中太平洋赤道潜流增强,这样西太平洋暖池的异常海温在潜流的引导下快速向东传播,直接到达东太平洋形成东部型ENSO事件;中部型ENSO事件发生前,中太平洋赤道潜流明显减弱,西太平洋的异常海温不能迅速东传速,在中太平洋堆积上升到达海面,使得中部型ENSO事件爆发。     

Sequence analysis and quantitative detection of Norwalk-like viruses in cultured oysters of China

We isolated 4 Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) contaminated oysters from 33 Chinese oysters collected from local commer-cial sources of Shandong Province. After amplification of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region of NLVs genomes with RT-PCR, the open reading frame 1 (ORF1) of the RdRp was sequenced and subjected to multiple-sequence alignment. The re-suits showed that NLVs in the four isolates belong to genogroup Ⅱ. The sequence comparison showed that the similarity between four Chinese oyster isolates were higher than 99.0%, which indicated that NLVs prevalent in close areas have high homogeneity in genome sequences. In addition, the most conserved sequences between diverse NLVs were used to design primers and TaqMan probes, then the real-time quantitative PCR assay was performed. According to the standard curve of GII NLVs, the original amounts (copies) of NLVs in positive patient's fecal isolate, positive Japanese oyster isolate, and the Chinese oyster isolate were 8.9×108, 1.25×108 and 4.7×101 respectively. The detecting limit of NLVs was 1×101 copies. This study will be helpful for routine diagnosis of NLVs pathogens in foods and thus for avoiding food poisoning in the future.