断裂性质与滑坡分布的关系——以汶川地震中的大型滑坡为例

越来越多的地震滑坡相对于地震断层的不对称分布震例让人们意识到断层上盘效应的存在。 然而,目前有关断裂运动方式与滑坡空间分布关系的研究还不够充分和深入。在收集大量地震滑坡震例资料并获得其分布规律的基础上,建立了一个简化的断层模型,以地震波在地表与断层面之间反射传播特性为基础,探讨断层倾角改变对地表地震动强度的影响。进而,以汶川地震触发的大型滑坡为例,研究了断层的几何特征和运动方式对诱发滑坡空间分布的影响。结果表明,断层的倾角对滑坡空间分布范围具有控制作用,随着倾角的增加,垂直断层走向的滑坡分布范围逐渐减小;并且,大型滑坡的初始坡面受到断裂运动方向的影响,与断裂运动方向一致的坡面更容易发生滑坡。所获结果不仅有助于提高区域性地震滑坡危险区域的预测精度,而且对认识大型滑坡的滑动机制、主控因素以及可能的滑动规模、滑距等也起到促进作用。通过对滑坡崩塌的认识来辅助提高对地质构造、地震断层等的认识,应是地震诱发滑坡崩塌研究的新的意义所在。     

Modelling of raked pile foundations in liquefiable ground

Raked piles are believed to behave better than vertical piles in a laterally flowing liquefied ground. This paper aims at numerically simulating the response of raked pile foundations in liquefying ground through nonlinear finite element analysis. For this purpose, the OpenSees computer package was used. A range of sources have been adopted in the definition of model components whose validity is assessed against case studies presented in literature. Experimental and analytical data confirmed that the backbone force density–displacement (p–y) curve simulating lateral pile response is of acceptable credibility for both vertical and raked piles. A parametric investigation on fixed-head piles subject to lateral spreading concluded that piles exhibiting positive inclination impart lower moment demands at the head while those inclined negatively perform better at liquefaction boundaries (relative to vertical piles). Further studies reveal substantial axial demand imposed upon negatively inclined members due to the transfer of gravity and ground-induced lateral forces axially down the pile. Extra care must be taken in the design of such members in soils susceptible to lateral spreading such that compressive failure (i.e. pile buckling) is avoided.     

地层油藏超剥尖灭线夹角定量外推方法模型研究

地层油藏是一种复杂的油藏类型,在地震描述中根据地震反射特征追踪的尖灭线与实际地层油藏的尖灭线常常存在较大的误差,因此精确落实地层超剥线的位置是地层油藏勘探成功的关键,本文通过大量的正演模型和地质统计方法,发现地层油藏超剥尖灭线的误差与地层和不整合面的夹角有关,从而提出了地层油藏超剥尖灭线夹角定量外推这种新方法,通过实际资料的应用,较好地解决了地层油藏超剥尖灭线不准的问题,取得了良好地质效果.     

基于地震活动性资料估计海原断裂倾角

本文以海原断裂带区域活动构造为基础,将海原断裂划分为西、中、东3段.基于1999年12月26日至2010年7月26日间的精定位小震目录,估计了海原断裂带各段的倾角.考虑海原断裂沿走向可能存在南倾与北倾两种情况,将倾角的范围设置为.首先运用网格搜索法确定了平面断层模型,其次以特征深度节点为基础数据运用多项式构建了曲面断层模型.结果表明：当进行平面拟合时,海原断裂西段与中段、东段的倾向不同,西段为南倾,其倾角值为71°,而中段、东段为北倾,其倾角值分别为72°、65°,各段的倾角值均由地表以下8 km地震资料确定.当进行曲面拟合时,在8 km深度以内海原断裂西段、中段、东段的倾角均处于80°左右,即接近陡立.西段的倾角在深度为9 km处出现转换,之后倾角接近陡立;中段的倾角在深度为16 km处出现转换,之后倾角逐渐减小,当深度为18 km时倾角为30°;东段的倾角在深度为11 km处出现转换,倾角为42°,在深度为16 km处出现第二次转换,倾角为55°,之后倾角逐渐减小.结合震源机制解和大地测量观测资料反演拟合的合理性,验证了本文所估计倾角的可靠性.     

桩土作用对隔震梁桥地震易损性及震后通行能力影响

为确定桩土作用对一座位于Ⅲ类场地上的110m三跨连续梁桥地震易损性曲线和震后通行能力的影响,首先建立墩底固结和考虑桩土作用2种有限元模型,选取50条实测的、符合工程场地条件的不同强度地震波作为输入,分别以桥墩墩顶和支座最大位移为目标响应,计算得到转角延性比和支座剪应变值,进而构建桥墩和支座的易损性曲线;然后通过宽界限法建立桥梁系统的地震易损性曲线,提出新的平均损伤水平值计算公式并结合易损性曲线评估该连续梁桥的震后通行能力。分析结果表明,同一地震强度下考虑桩土作用时的桥墩位移峰值比墩底固结情况大,更符合实际情况;对于桥梁构件易损性曲线而言,考虑桩土作用时支座破坏超越概率最大,但与墩底固结情况相比相差不大;采用桥梁系统地震易损性曲线评价桥梁交通流量变化更加合理,固结模型的震后交通流量评估Ⅲ类场地情况时不可忽略桩土作用对桥梁地震易损性的影响。     

Weimer电场模式在地球磁层内的特征

地球磁层中的电场是研究磁层物理的重要参数,目前常用的对流电场有均匀晨昏电场和投影电场.电离层电场可以看做磁层电场沿磁力线在电离层的投影,本文选取的电离层电场模型为Weimer(2001模式)电场.利用T96磁场模式,沿磁力线将电离层电场投影到磁层空间,得到一个新的磁层电场模式,并讨论了磁暴、行星际磁场(IMF)、太阳风参数和亚暴等对磁层电场的影响.利用该模型计算的电场结果与卫星探测结果相符.     

Ground motion records for seismic performance assessment: To rotate or not to rotate?

The response of a non‐circular structure strongly depends on the orientation of the horizontal ground motion components vis‐à‐vis the structure's principal axes. At the same time, the structural response is also a function of accelerogram characteristics that give rise to considerable record‐to‐record variability even when the incident angle is neglected. Therefore, when the structural orientation relative to the fault geometry is unknown and we have limited resources for estimating the distribution of structural response given the seismic intensity, the question arises as to whether it is preferable to use (1) few records rotated to multiple orientations, (2) many records, each at a random incident angle, or (3) some combination of the two. To this purpose, we subjected several single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems and one plan‐asymmetric multi‐degree‐of‐freedom structure to a pulsive and a non‐pulsive set of ground motions using different combinations of record set size and incident angle rotations. In all cases, the natural record‐to‐record variability of the (unrotated) waveforms clearly outweighed the influence of the record orientation. In addition, the choice of an intensity measure that utilizes the geometric mean of spectral accelerations in both horizontal axes at one or more periods of vibration was found to further enhance this difference, essentially nullifying the already small effect of the incident angle. In all cases, spending any significant proportion of the limited number of dynamic analyses to incorporate the effect of incident angle was detrimental to the fidelity of the estimated performance.     

基于数值流形法的反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒破坏分析

边坡破坏是累积性过程,从变形到破坏的过程中会产生永久位移,如果永久位移过大,极有可能产生滑坡。因此根据不同工况下采集到的位移数据,分析地震作用下反倾层状岩质边坡在不同内摩擦角下的破坏特征。利用二维数值流形法（NMM）,以青藏高原金沙江流域西藏昌都地区芒康县索多西乡贡扎倾倒滑坡为研究对象,依据实地考察数据及室内力学试验得到的物理力学参数,建立数值计算模型,模拟地震作用下反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒破坏过程,并在边坡上布置3组监测点获取位移数据。模拟结果表明：随着内摩擦角的增大,边坡坡体从开始破坏到新的平衡状态和达到最大位移所需的时间越短,同时,滑动块体最大水平位移逐渐减小;内摩擦角＜40°时,坡体在前15 s呈整体移动趋势,大部分岩块产生整体滑移,靠近坡顶处的岩块发生轻微转动,推动前面的岩块加速滑动,呈倾倒-滑移模式;内摩擦角＞40°时,靠近坡顶的岩块首先产生滑动,并转动驱使前面的岩块,推动坡脚处岩块产生滑动,最终上部岩块达到新的平衡,呈渐进式倾倒破坏,产生整体性破坏的可能性较小。     

Controls on the stability and inclinations of hillslopes formed on hard rock

In identifying controls on rock slope form a distinction is made between: (1) rock slopes with joints which dip steeply out of a cliff and hence are subject to mass failure of the rock mass above a critical joint; and (2) rock slopes with inclinations which are either in equilibrium with the mass strength of their rocks, or have profiles which will develop towards strength equilibrium as cross joints open. In the first class of slope, stability results not just from the basic frictional resistance of the rock but also from the frictional roughness along the critical joint and from the normal stress acting across that joint. Stability may be reduced by weathering and loss of strength of the joint wall rock. As a result of normal stress variations with depth, induced by overburdens, high cliffs which are not undercut have a concave profile. The second group of slopes includes those with inclinations controlled at the scale of individual joint blocks, buttressed slopes and those on unjointed rock masses. Buttressed and unjointed rock masses develop towards a condition of mass strength equilibrium as cross joints open. Strength equilibrium slopes may be recognized by application of a rock mass strength classification proposed for geomorphic purposes. Eleven propositions are formulated which identify controls on rock slope development and some consequences of these controls.     

均匀倾斜层状地层中地震波球面扩散补偿方法研究

在分析地层深度、炮检距以及地层倾角变化对球面扩散补偿因子影响的基础上,总结了不同因素对补偿因子影响的趋势,以及资料处理中常规球面扩散补偿方法的应用条件．实际应用效果表明,该方法能更加合理的保证不同深度地震信息能量的均衡程度,提高资料的可信度。