Kinetic energy budget and moisture flux convergence analysis during interaction between two cyclonic systems: Case study

An analysis of the kinetic energy budget during a case of interaction between middle latitude and extratropical cyclones has been made in this work. Horizontal flux convergence constitutes a major energy sink. Generation of kinetic energy via cross-contour flow is a persistent source throughout the growth and decay periods. Dissipation of kinetic energy from subgrid to grid scales is an important source during the pre-storm period; it acts as a sink during the growth and decay periods. The major contribution to kinetic energy comes from a persistent upper tropospheric jet stream activity throughout the period of the cyclone development. The characteristics of moisture-flux components (divergent and rotational) along with precipitable water content for different tropospheric layers throughout the life cycle of our cyclone are also studied in this work. It is found that most of required humidity for our cyclone are initiated from Arabian Sea and then to some extent are reinforced over Gulf of Aden and east of central Africa and then by passing over Red sea enter to the south and south east of Mediterranean Sea. The rotational component of the moisture transport brings moisture from two regions; the first which is considered the main region is the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden and north east of Sudan. The second source region is the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. In the middle troposphere, the primary moisture source is found over central Africa, which in turn is traced to the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Sea. The upper-level moisture fluxes are weak and play a minor role over the area of interaction between two cyclones.     

渭河流域一次致洪暴雨过程的中尺度滤波分析

利用常规高空观测资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°的再分析资料以及25点低通滤波技术,对2003年8月28—29日发生在渭河流域的一次致洪暴雨进行了中尺度分析和探讨,分析出中尺度环流演变特征,总结了渭河流域致洪暴雨的概念模型,认为这次暴雨过程中在以西南气流为主的平均气流场上隐藏着尺度较中尺度平均流场小得多的涡旋,其移动方向和发展程度决定了强降水落区及其强度;高空西风风速脉动与低层南风风速脉动耦合形成了中尺度次级环流圈,其上升支为强降水提供了足够的动力抬升机制;而850 hPa低空急流、700 hPa中尺度低涡、南风脉动以及高空西风风速脉动等条件的合理配置是中尺度次级环流形成的必备因素;地面中尺度辐合线是本次暴雨的触发机制。     

黔北一次下击暴流事件成因及雷达回波特征分析

利用地面自动站资料、探空资料、多普勒雷达观测资料以及ERA5逐时再分析资料对2021年5月15日发生在黔北的一次下击暴流事件成因及雷达回波特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）本次过程发生在500hPa槽前、西南低涡南侧、中低空急流北侧和地面锋前热低压内的大范围上升区内,地面辐合线是重要的触发机制。（2）大气为上干下湿不稳定状态,中等到强的垂直风切变维持,环境温度垂直递减率较大,低层有冷空气入侵,下沉气流接地时与周围大气形成10℃以上的温差,导致气流强烈辐散最终产生大风。（3）过程由多单体风暴引发,具有弓形回波、三体散射长钉、回波悬垂等结构特征,回波核强度在65dBz以上,大风出现时强回波核迅速降落。（4）大风发生前,风暴前侧有一支由前向后的斜升气流与后侧入流气流形成中层径向辐合（MARC）,大风出现时,低层有小尺度辐散区域,随后辐散尺度扩大,风速切变减小,大风强度减弱。     

不同法截面子午线椭球衔接的研究及应用

为了满足高速铁路线路控制网的投影长度变形值不大于10 mm／km的要求,将长线工程线路分成多段并建立各自的法截面子午线椭球．针对相邻法截面子午线椭球的衔接问题,提出交点法线重合的方法,实现椭球变换之后交点位置的一致性,解决线路的衔接问题,从而大大加强法截面子午线椭球理论在工程线路弯曲性、复杂性及长度的适用性．      

浙江盛夏一次强对流天气的特征及其成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站加密观测资料、GFS 0.5°×0.5°逐6 h分析场数据,以及多普勒雷达、风廓线、微波辐射计探测资料,对2014年7月26日浙江盛夏一次强对流天气过程的特征及其成因进行了诊断分析,结果表明:此次过程发生在副热带高压边缘,由于高空槽东移过程中带来了弱冷空气的渗透,并有大量不稳定能量积聚,形成了午后"上干冷、下暖湿"这样有利于强对流发生的不稳定层结条件和环境背景场。当低层925 hPa的中尺度辐合线和对流层中层700 hPa的垂直上升运动区相重合时,中尺度辐合线附近在未来6 h内产生了强对流,这对强对流的发生发展具有一定的预报指示意义。宁波中尺度辐合线是由偏南风和东北风辐合而成,同时受沿海和喇叭口地形影响,该辐合线早已存在,之后触发了宁波地区的强对流天气。杭州中尺度辐合线是由于宁波雷暴的地面出流增强了偏东风气流,从而加强了偏东风与环境东北风的辐合,导致了杭州中尺度辐合线的形成,随后在辐合线附近出现了剧烈的对流天气。     

两次副高边缘特大暴雨对比分析

利用常规资料、地面加密自动观测资料、NCEP/NCAR的1°×1°每6h再分析资料及多普勒雷达资料,对2011年6月16日（简称6.16过程）及2008年7月31日（简称7.31过程）发生在粤东南两次副高边缘特大暴雨进行对比分析。结果表明：6.16过程主要是受高空短波槽和偏南风急流共同影响而产生的,较厚的暖云层、深厚的湿层等使该过程降水范围更广;7.31过程主要是受对流中层扰动诱发产生的,为局地性强降水。雷达回波均表现为强的反射率因子,回波发展迅速且移动缓慢;6.16过程回波图上出现有界弱回波区（BWER）等超级单体风暴特征。     

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地下巷道弹性位移反分析各种优化方法的探讨

探讨了６种最优化方法（鲍威尔法、单纯形加速法、阻尼最小二乘法、变尺度法、模式搜索法和变量轮换法）在巷道弹性位移反分析中的应用情况。从参数初始点的选择、收敛速度、收敛精度和可靠性方面评价了这６种无约束最优化方法的优劣。     

出流边界对京津冀地区强对流局地新生及快速增强的动力效应

2022年6月26—29日长江中下游梅雨锋雨带南压减弱,29日江西降水却显著加强,北部出现了一条窄而强的暴雨带,南昌城区2 h降水超100 mm,最大小时降水量113.2 mm,引发严重内涝。利用常规观测、ERA5再分析、风云气象卫星和多普勒天气雷达等资料分析南昌城区此次短历时暴雨成因及中尺度特征和维持机制,结果表明：暴雨发生前江西850 hPa西南气流显著减弱,而水汽、能量却增加,28日08∶00—29日08∶00南昌露点温度、整层可降水量、总温度分别由23.5℃、57.5 mm、76℃上升至26℃、69 mm、81℃,有利于对流性强降水发生发展;高层持续强辐散、600—800 hPa干冷空气侵入、925—975 hPa边界层急流增强导致水汽在边界层强烈辐合等是暴雨主要成因;暴雨发生初期,赣东北对流回波具有明显后向传播特征,与赣西北东移回波在南昌合并快速发展,降水迅速增强,合并后强回波带南侧、西南侧不断有对流单体新生向东北方向移动汇入,造成强回波在南昌停滞少动;对流单体在冷池出流与环境大气的辐合线上新生,赣东北、赣西北辐合线分别位于对流带的西侧、东侧,两条辐合线移动方向相反在南昌地区相遇致对流回波快速发展;回波发展使得冷池增强,冷池出流辐合抬升加强又促使回波发展,形成正反馈,是南昌强回波维持机制。

     

Simulated effect of a forest road on near‐surface hydrologic response: redux

In the work reported here the comprehensive physics‐based Integrated Hydrology Model (InHM) was employed to conduct both three‐ and two‐dimensional (3D and 2D) hydrologic‐response simulations for the small upland catchment known as C3 (located within the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in Oregon). Results from the 3D simulations for the steep unchannelled C3 (i) identify subsurface stormflow as the dominant hydrologic‐response mechanism and (ii) show the effect of the down‐gradient forest road on both the surface and subsurface flow systems. Comparison of the 3D results with the 2D results clearly illustrates the importance of convergent subsurface flow (e.g. greater pore‐water pressures in the hollow of the catchment for the 3D scenario). A simple infinite‐slope model, driven by subsurface pore‐water pressures generated from the 3D and 2D hydrologic‐response simulations, was employed to estimate slope stability along the long‐profile of the C3 hollow axis. As expected, the likelihood of slope failure is underestimated for the lower pore pressures from the 2D hydrologic‐response simulation compared, in a relative sense, to the higher pore pressures from the 3D hydrologic response simulation. The effort reported herein provides a firm quantitative foundation for generalizing the effects that forest roads can have on near‐surface hydrologic response and slope stability at the catchment scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.