Vertical profiles of fluid velocity and suspended sediment concentration in nearshore

Based on the power function of velocity and the friction velocity,a velocity profile is obtained.By solving the Schmidt’s diffusion equation,an equilibrium suspended sediment concentration profile is further deduced.The profiles of velocity and suspended sediment concentration agree well with the field data,and the profile of suspended sediment concentration avoids the unreasonableness of the classical Rouse profile such as a zero value at the water surface.According to these profiles,an expression which is easy to use for calculating the suspended sediment transport rate is derived.     

金川—芦山—犍为剖面重力异常和地壳密度结构特征

重力剖面金川—芦山—犍穿越芦山震区,近垂直于龙门山断裂带南段,长约300 km,测点距平均2.5 km,采用高精度绝对重力控制下的相对重力联测与同址GPS三维坐标测量,获得了沿剖面的自由空气异常和布格重力异常,并对布格重力异常进行了剩余密度相关成像和密度分层结构正反演研究.结果表明,芦山地震所在的龙门山断裂带南段存在垂直断裂走向的宽广的巨型重力梯级带,重力变化达252×10-5 m·s-2以上(龙泉山以西),反映出四川盆地与松潘—甘孜地块地壳厚度陡变(约14.5 km)性质;四川盆地与松潘—甘孜地块过渡区(龙门山断裂带与新津—成都—德阳断裂之间)存在(30~50)×10-5 m·s-2的剩余异常"凹陷",可能与上地壳低密度体、山前剥蚀与松散堆积和推覆体前缘较为破碎有关;剩余密度相关成像显示地壳密度呈现分段性特征,在芦山地震位置出现高低密度变化;地壳呈现三层结构,四川盆地上、中、下地壳底界面平缓,反映其稳定阻挡作用,而松潘—甘孜块体上、中、下地壳底界面明显往盆地逐步抬升,反映出青藏高原往东的强烈挤压作用;松潘—甘孜块体往东推覆变形主要集中在上地壳范围内,推覆深度随离龙门山断裂带愈近而越浅.本文通过对密度分布及结构特征的研究,分析了芦山地震及龙门山地区地壳构造背景和当前活动性的深部动力环境特征.     

Theory and experimental study for sliding isolators with variable curvature

Because a conventional isolation system with constant isolation frequency is usually a long‐period dynamic system, its seismic response is likely to be amplified in earthquakes with strong long‐period wave components, such as near‐fault ground motions. Seismic isolators with variable mechanical properties may provide a promising solution to alleviate this problem. To this end, in this work sliding isolators with variable curvature (SIVC) were studied experimentally. An SIVC isolator is similar to a friction pendulum system (FPS) isolator, except that its sliding surface has variable curvature rather being spherical. As a result, the SIVC's isolation stiffness that is proportional to the curvature becomes a function of the isolator displacement. By appropriately designing the geometry of the sliding surface, the SIVC is able to possess favorable hysteretic behavior. In order to prove the applicability of the SIVC concept, several prototype SIVC isolators, whose sliding surfaces are defined by a sixth‐order polynomial function, were fabricated and tested in this study. A cyclic element test on the prototype SIVC isolators and a shaking table test on an SIVC isolated steel frame were all conducted. The results of both tests have verified that the prototype SIVC isolators do indeed have the hysteretic property of variable stiffness as prescribed by the derived formulas in this study. Moreover, it is also demonstrated that the proposed SIVC is able to effectively reduce the isolator drift in a near‐fault earthquake with strong long‐period components, as compared with that of an FPS system with the same friction coefficient. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water temperature modelling: comparison between the generalized additive model,logistic, residuals regression and linear regression models

Water temperature has a significant influence on aquatic organisms, including stenotherm fish such as salmonids. It is thus of prime importance to build reliable tools to forecast water temperature. This study evaluated a statistical scheme to model average water temperature based on daily average air temperature and average discharge at the Sainte-Marguerite River, Northern Canada. The aim was to test a non-parametric water temperature generalized additive model (GAM) and to compare its performance to three previously developed approaches: the logistic, residuals regression and linear regression models. Due to its flexibility, the GAM was able to capture some of the nonlinear response between water temperature and the two explanatory variables (air temperature and flow). The shape of these effects was determined by the trends shown in the collected data. The four models were evaluated annually using a cross-validation technique. Three comparison criteria were calculated: the root mean square error (RMSE), the bias error and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (NSC). The goodness of fit of the four models was also compared graphically. The GAM was the best among the four models (RMSE = 1.44°C, bias = ?0.04 and NSC = 0.94).     

Application of HVSR to estimating thickness of laterite weathering profiles in basalt

Lateritic weathering profiles (LWPs) are widespread in the tropics and comprise an important component of the Critical Zone (CZ). The Hawaiian Islands make an excellent natural laboratory for examining the tropical CZ, where the bedrock composition (basalt) is nearly uniform and rainfall varies greatly. This natural laboratory is employed to assess the utility of the HVSR (horizontal/vertical spectral ratio) method to characterize the shear-wave velocity (V_s) structure of LWPs, particularly the depth to the contact between saprolite and basalt bedrock. LWP thicknesses determined from HVSR provide good agreement with multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) profiles, well logs and outcrop. LWP thicknesses may be estimated from the fundamental mode equation or through forward models. Prior knowledge about the subsurface from well, outcrop, and MASW profiles may greatly aid modeling in some cases. For the 3.2 to 1.8 Ma Koolau Volcano on Oahu, the downward rate of advance of the weathering front varies from 0.004 to 0.041 m/ka. For the 0.44 to 0.10 Ma Kohala Volcano (Big Island of Hawaii) rates vary from 0.013 to 0.047 m/ka. Simple H/V spectra develop in areas where the combined effects of time and elevated rainfall produce thick LWPs with a flat base and a general absence of core stones with an ideal layered geometry. Abundant buried core stones violate the assumption of simple layered geometries and scatter acoustic energy, leading to uninterpretable results. This is common where low rainfall and a young basaltic substrate leave abundant core stones as well as an undulating contact between saprolite and bedrock. Velocity inversions (high V_s intervals within low V_s saprolite) may also be present and originate from relatively intact bedrock horizons or mineralogical changes within saprolite. At Kohala, a gibbsite-rich horizon produces such a velocity inversion due to enhanced weathering and subsequent collapse of saprolite in a discrete horizon. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于多项式拟合均匀荷载面曲率曲线的结构损伤识别方法

为仅利用结构损伤状态的柔度矩阵对结构进行损伤程度识别,先对损伤状态的均匀荷载面曲率曲线进行最小二乘法拟合。根据曲率曲线差判断结构的损伤位置,对损伤位置的点进行剔除后,再利用未损伤位置上的点进行局部最小二乘法拟合,代替损伤前的均匀荷载面曲率曲线,用于结构的损伤定位与定量。通过一简支梁数值算例,先以理论的二次多项式进行拟合,考虑单损伤和多损伤的情况,进行损伤识别分析,再分析多项式次数、测点数目以及不同噪声水平对损伤定量精度的影响。结果表明:在一定范围内,次数越高拟合误差越小,但差别不明显,采用理论的二次多项式拟合即可满足结构损伤识别要求,无噪声的情况下,测点数目减半不影响损伤识别的精度,该方法具有一定的抗噪声能力。     

紫色土典型三角形层状剖面入渗模拟

通过室内特制的土壤水分入渗试验装置,分别设置上粗下细和上细下粗两种典型不同质地紫色土三角形层状剖面,探讨典型不规则层次结构的土壤入渗特性。结果显示,同一三角形层状剖面入渗,粗质土半剖面的垂直湿润锋随时间推进速度快于细质土。对于粗质土,上细下粗剖面设置下其半剖面的垂直湿润锋随时间推进速度快于上粗下细,但对于细质土,两种层状剖面设置下其垂直湿润锋随时间推进速度差异不明显。无论上粗下细,还是上细下粗,两种层状剖面对斜面湿润锋变化曲线影响不大。两种层状剖面入渗,湿润锋、入渗速率与时间均呈极显著幂函数关系。建立的紫色土典型三角形层状剖面入渗模型,经验证,模拟值与实测值具有非常好的一致性,且可与经验模型相互转换,模型参数也具有一定的物理意义。     

帕米尔东北缘地区构造变形特征与盆山结构

帕米尔东北缘乌泊尔地区是正确认识帕米尔北缘盆山结构和构造变形特征非常关键的地区,本文利用连续电磁剖面(CEMP)资料和地震资料,并结合野外地质调查资料和钻井资料,对帕米尔东北缘乌泊尔地区的盆山结构和构造变形特征进行了研究。认为帕米尔东北缘及其以北地区的盆山结构表现为帕米尔造山带向北冲断和南天山向南冲断所形成的对冲结构; 帕米尔山前为基底卷入式构造,古生界—中生界沿高角度的逆冲断层推覆到新近系和第四系之上,形成山前的古生界—中生界逆冲推覆带; 北侧由受乌泊尔断裂控制的深部隐伏冲断体系和浅部的第四纪背驮盆地所构成。研究区的新生代构造变形时间开始于上新世晚期,并持续变形至今,形成了下更新统西域组（Q1x）与下伏上新统、Q2与Q1和Q3 4与Q2之间的不整合。研究区最小构造缩短量为486 km,缩短率为481％。     

新型张力腿式储油处理平台的动力响应分析

针对目前小油田早期生产中存在的不足,提出一种适用于浅水海域的新型张力腿式储油处理平台,该平台主要由储油箱、浮箱、吸力桩、系泊链和甲板结构构成,具备原油处理和储存功能。应用非线性时域耦合分析法,研究了有义波高、平均波周期、水深对该平台的运动响应和系泊链张力的影响。计算结果表明,波高对平台动力响应有较大影响,有义波高每增加0.4 m,平台水平位移相应增加0.408 m,而系泊链力随有义波高的增加呈准线性增大;波周期对平台水平运动影响显著,平均波周期从6.5 s逐级变化至8.5 s时,最大水平位移自3.760 m渐增至5.467 m,而波周期对系泊链力影响较小,变化率一般小于10%;该新型平台对水深大于20 m的浅水海域有良好的动力特性,而对水深小于20 m的海域却表现异常。因此,该新型张力腿式平台能满足水深不小于20 m浅海区的油田早期生产需要。