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41.
The distribution of radiogenic heat production as a function of depth in the Sierra Nevada Batholith, California 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Geochemical analyses and geobarometric determinations have been combined to create a depth vs. radiogenic heat production database for the Sierra Nevada batholith, California. This database shows that mean heat production values first increase, then decrease, with increasing depth. Heat production is 2 μW/m3 within the 3-km-thick volcanic pile at the top of the batholith, below which it increases to an average value of 3.5 μW/m3 at 5.5 km depth, then decreases to 0.5–1 μW/m3 at 15 km depth and remains at these values through the entire crust below 15 km. Below the crust, from depths of 40–125 km, the batholith's root and mantle wedge that coevolved beneath the batholith appears to have an average radiogenic heat production rate of 0.14 μW/m3. This is higher than the rates from most published xenolith studies, but reasonable given the presence of crustal components in the arc root assemblages. The pattern of radiogenic heat production interpreted from the depth vs. heat production database is not consistent with the downward-decreasing exponential distribution predicted from modeling of surface heat flow data. The interpreted distribution predicts a reasonable range of geothermal gradients and shows that essentially all of the present day surface heat flow from the Sierra Nevada could be generated within the 35 km thick crust. This requires a very low heat flux from the mantle, which is consistent with a model of cessation of Sierran magmatism during Laramide flat-slab subduction, followed by conductive cooling of the upper mantle for 70 m.y. The heat production variation with depth is principally due to large variations in uranium and thorium concentration; potassium is less variable in concentration within the Sierran crust, and produces relatively little of the heat in high heat production rocks. Because silica content is relatively constant through the upper 30 km of the Sierran batholith, while U, Th, and K concentrations are highly variable, radiogenic heat production does not vary directly with silica content. 相似文献
42.
A new earthquake catalogue for central, northern and northwestern Europe with unified Mw magnitudes, in part derived from chi-square maximum likelihood regressions, forms the basis for seismic hazard calculations
for the Lower Rhine Embayment. Uncertainties in the various input parameters are introduced, a detailed seismic zonation is
performed and a recently developed technique for maximum expected magnitude estimation is adopted and quantified. Applying
the logic tree algorithm, resulting hazard values with error estimates are obtained as fractile curves (median, 16% and 84%
fractiles and mean) plotted for pga (peak ground acceleration; median values for Cologne 0.7 and 1.2 m/s2 for probabilities of exceedence of 10% and 2%, respectively, in 50 years), 0.4 s (0.8 and 1.5 m/s2) and 1.0 s (0.3 and 0.5 m/s2) pseudoacclerations, and intensity (I0 = 6.5 and 7.2). For the ground motion parameters, rock foundation is assumed. For the area near Cologne and Aachen, maps
show the median and 84% fractile hazard for 2% probability of exceedence in 50 years based on pga (maximum median value about
1.5 m/s2), and 0.4 s (>2 m/s2) and 1.0 s (about 0.8 m/s2) pseudoaccelerations, all for rock. The pga 84% fractile map also has a maximum value above 2 m/s2 and shows similarities with the median map for 0.4 s. In all maps, the maximum values fall within the area 6.2–6.3° E and
50.8–50.9° N, i.e., east of Aachen. 相似文献
43.
Comparison of methods to model the gravitational gradients from topographic data bases 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
A number of methods have been developed over the last few decades to model the gravitational gradients using digital elevation data. All methods are based on second-order derivatives of the Newtonian mass integral for the gravitational potential. Foremost are algorithms that divide the topographic masses into prisms or more general polyhedra and sum the corresponding gradient contributions. Other methods are designed for computational speed and make use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT), require a regular rectangular grid of data, and yield gradients on the entire grid, but only at constant altitude. We add to these the ordinary numerical integration (in horizontal coordinates) of the gradient integrals. In total we compare two prism, two FFT and two ordinary numerical integration methods using 1" elevation data in two topographic regimes (rough and moderate terrain). Prism methods depend on the type of finite elements that are generated with the elevation data; in particular, alternative triangulations can yield significant differences in the gradients (up to tens of Eötvös). The FFT methods depend on a series development of the topographic heights, requiring terms up to 14th order in rough terrain; and, one popular method has significant bias errors (e.g. 13 Eötvös in the vertical–vertical gradient) embedded in its practical realization. The straightforward numerical integrations, whether on a rectangular or triangulated grid, yield sub-Eötvös differences in the gradients when compared to the other methods (except near the edges of the integration area) and they are as efficient computationally as the finite element methods. 相似文献
44.
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张家口地热资源丰富,通过对区内地热成矿机制,成矿规律的分析认为,以祁吕系为主的多构造体系复合部位控制了本区地下热水的形成与分布,本区地下热水是大气降水经深循环而成,经计算深循环的深度达为2600m,张家口南部地区有很多个热水异常点,是具有远景意义的地热区。 相似文献
46.
A gravity core collected from the upper slope of southwest of Quilon at a water depth of 776 m (Lat: 8°12′263″N, Long: 76°28′281″E)
was analysed for texture (carbonate free), calcium carbonate and organic carbon. Variation in silicic fraction seems to be
controlled by silt, i.e., enrichment from 15 ka BP to 10 ka BP and then constant in Holocene. Below 15 ka BP, the silicic
fraction gets depleted compared to the Holocene section with a minimum around 21 ka BP. Clay content remains nearly constant
except in the Holocene where it shows an enrichment. Carbonate content of less than 63 micron when computed by subtracting
coarse fraction content from the total carbonate suggests that the total carbonates are mainly concentrated in the finer fraction.
All these carbonate phases show an inverse relationship with silicic fraction except in Holocene. Below 15 ka BP, CaCO3 dominates in sediments comprising more than 65%, such an increase is also seen in the coarse fraction. Coarse fraction from
these sections contains abundant nodular type aggregates encrusting small forams. This period is marked by a high sedimentation
rate comparable to Holocene. These parameters suggest that the productivity and precipitation have increased in the Holocene
due to the intensification of the southwest monsoon. During the last glacial maximum and early deglacial period the high sedimentation
rate indicates redeposition of the carbonates from the existing carbonate lithofacies situated between Quilon and Cape Comorin
probably due to the slope instability. 相似文献
47.
根据高速公路桥头跳车病害探地雷达检测结果,结合路基实际工程地质资料及沉降观测值,分析出造成此病害的原因是桥与路之间沉降差异所致,故搭板与垫层和垫层与路基之间产生了脱空,造成桥搭板、垫层碎裂而出现了桥头跳车病害.针对病害根源,采用了压密注浆进行搭板加固及重新摊铺沥青混合料进行调坡处理的治理方法. 相似文献
48.
GIS叠置图层方差分量的极大似然估计 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
针对GIS叠置中的同名点,以维希特分布密度为似然函数,提出了各图层方差分量的极大似然估计方法。该方法不依赖残差,不需要迭代就能估计未知参数和方差分量。 相似文献
49.
50.
本文主要讨论了利用空间投影一空间斜墨卡托(SOM)投影进行卫星遥感图像精纠正与定位,解决缺少控制点地区卫星遥感图像精纠正与定位问题,并根据正反算公式讨论了卫星遥感图像纠正的空间投影数学基础。 相似文献