CaCO3生物矿化的研究进展——有机质的控制作用

生物CaCO₃是自然界分布最广泛的一类生物矿物,其组成除了无机相的CaCO₃外,还含有少量的有机质,包括水可溶(SM)和水不可溶有机质(IM),SM富含阴离子基团,是控制CaCO₃结晶的重要因素之一。通过有机—无机界面分子识别,有机质选择性地与CaCO₃晶体特定方向的面网相互作用,从而对CaCO₃的生长、形貌、多型及结晶学定向等产生明显的控制作用。有机—无机界面的分子识别机制包括静电、晶格几何匹配和立体化学互补等。仿生矿化的研究为进一步深入了解生物矿化的机理及制造高级复合材料提供了新的方法。     

Exploring Cities through a Population Ageing Matrix: a spatial and temporal analysis of older adult population trends in Perth,Australia

In an increasingly urbanised and ageing world the spatial distribution of an older population is a matter of growing scholarly and policy interest. Much of the research on this topic has tended to draw on one of two key measures: structural ageing, or the ratio of older cohorts to the rest of the population, or numeric ageing, which simply counts the number of older people without reference to the rest of the population. This paper argues that, on their own, these measures have limitations, and that considerable value lies in assessing the interplay between numeric and structural ageing measures. The population ageing matrix, a theoretical framework that classifies the demographic dynamics of population ageing across metropolitan areas, is presented and examined through the case study of Perth, Western Australia. The value of the matrix to reveal patterns and trends missed by analyses of single measures is investigated and areas that are experiencing changes in the composition and size of the ageing demographic are identified. The paper also reflects on the implications of these findings for policy and planning.     

SIMS测定玻璃固化样品中铀分布的分析方法研究

玻璃固化是一种常用的高放废液固化方法,其优点在于具有较高的抗化学介质侵蚀的能力和很好的辐照稳定性、热稳定性和机械稳定性,其不足之处在于抗水浸出等性能有所下降而使其安全性需要进一步通过抗浸出实验来进行衡量和确认。使用二次离子质谱(SIMS)分析玻璃固化体中的放射性成分(如铀元素)的分布及浸出行为等各项指标,是一种评估玻璃固化体抗浸出性能的分析手段。本文应用SIMS测试模拟玻璃固化体,以碳作为镀膜材料通过真空蒸发镀碳的方法优化样品制备条件,有效地解决了样品导电性差的问题,~(235)U/~(238)U同位素测定结果约为7.9‰±0.395‰,基本符合制作模拟样品时所使用的天然铀的同位素特征(~(235)U/~(238)U参考值约7.3‰)。研究表明,建立的方法实现了铀元素同位素丰度的测量,能直接显示铀的分布情况,该方法可为研究玻璃固化体中放射性元素的浸出行为提供一定的技术支持。     

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Bias on Isotope Ratios in Dolomite–Ankerite,Part II: δ13C Matrix Effects

This study is Part II of a series that documents the development of a suite of calibration reference materials for in situ SIMS analysis of stable isotope ratios in Ca‐Mg‐Fe carbonates. Part I explored the effects of Fe²⁺ substitution on SIMS δ¹⁸O bias measured from the dolomite–ankerite solid solution series [CaMg(CO₃)₂–CaFe(CO₃)₂], whereas this complementary work explores the compositional dependence of SIMS δ¹³C bias (calibrated range: Fe# = 0.004–0.789, where Fe# = molar Fe/(Mg+Fe)). Under routine operating conditions for carbonate δ¹³C analysis at WiscSIMS (CAMECA IMS 1280), the magnitude of instrumental bias increased exponentially by 2.5–5.5‰ (session‐specific) with increasing Fe‐content in the dolomite structure, but appeared insensitive to minor Mn substitution [< 2.6 mole % Mn/(Ca+Mg+Fe+Mn)]. The compositional dependence of bias (i.e., the matrix effect) was expressed using the Hill equation, yielding calibration residual values ≤ 0.3‰ relative to CRM NBS‐19 for eleven carbonate reference materials (6‐μm‐diameter spot size measurements). Based on the spot‐to‐spot repeatability of a drift monitor material that ‘bracketed’ each set of ten sample‐spot analyses, the analytical precision was ± 0.6–1.2‰ (2s, standard deviations). The analytical uncertainty for individual sample analyses was approximated by combining the precision and calibration residual values (propagated in quadrature), suggesting an uncertainty of ± 1.0–1.5‰ (2s).     

正规矩阵选取半参数灰色模型改进的预测建模

正规矩阵是对模型误差补偿性的直接表达,时间序列法用一阶差分方程和二阶差分方程计算得到不同的正规矩阵。针对传统GM(1,1)模型没有考虑模型误差,而数据处理过程中所建立的数学模型与客观现实并不一致的问题,该文提出建立顾及模型误差的半参数模型的GM(1,1)模型。对由传统半参数模型得到的正规矩阵采取一阶差分法进行改进,并通过算例证实了改进正规矩阵的半参数模型的GM(1,1)预测精度更高。     

Quaternion-EKF的多源传感器联合定向算法

针对磁力计易受干扰和陀螺仪易漂移的问题,使用扩展卡尔曼滤波EKF(Extended Kalman Filter)融合多源传感器进行定向。利用基于四元数的EKF,在当地磁场和重力加速度的基础上融合加速度计、陀螺仪和磁力计观测信息,并通过自适应算法构建过程噪声向量和观测噪声向量的协方差矩阵以解决载体运动和周围磁场干扰对重力和地磁场观测值的影响。实验结果表明,该算法可以有效地减弱陀螺仪漂移和磁场对定向的干扰,获得更加精确和稳定的航向角信息。     

Estimating Population Attribute Values in a Table: “Get Me Started in” Iterative Proportional Fitting

Iterative proportional fitting (IPF) is a technique that can be used to adjust a distribution reported in one data set by totals reported in others. IPF is used to revise tables of data where the information is incomplete, inaccurate, outdated, or a sample. Although widely applied, the IPF methodology is rarely presented in a way that is accessible to nonexpert users. This article fills that gap through discussion of how to operationalize the method and argues that IPF is an accessible and transparent tool that can be applied to a range of data situations in population geography and demography. It offers three case study examples where IPF has been applied to geographical data problems; the data and algorithms are made available to users as supplementary material.     

基于通径分析的酒金盆地绿洲化时空变化及影响因子研究

基于Landsat遥感影像和社会经济数据等,重建1963~2009年间西北干旱区酒泉金塔盆地(酒金盆地)绿洲空间分布图,采用转移矩阵、绿洲动态度和通径分析法等开展酒金盆地绿洲时空变化过程的区域差异和影响因子差异研究。结果表明：近50 a来,酒金盆地绿洲面积呈现增加趋势,表现为酒泉绿洲连续增长和金塔绿洲的波动式增长。酒泉绿洲扩张主要表现为绿洲边缘区的外延扩张,金塔绿洲主要表现为绿洲边缘区和季节性河道两侧绿洲波动变化。酒泉绿洲稳定性较金塔绿洲的高,水资源的持续供给与否决定着绿洲边缘稳定的关键,尤其在金塔绿洲。人类活动的区域差异和政策响应程度及经济水平的差异是造成2个绿洲时空变化差异的内在影响因子。     

A stream ordering approach based on network analysis operations

Stream ordering is a technique for characterizing the constituent parts of a drainage network. Network analysis remains one of the most popular and persistent research and application areas in geographic information science. In this study, a new stream ordering approach based on geographic information systems tools and network analysis operations is proposed. The new method combines the concepts of modern network analysis operations, which mainly deal with derivations of the best route solution, and the previous stream ordering techniques. In this context, the method readily identifies the channel heads hierarchically in order to derive main stream channel and its tributaries, and assigns a unique order for each stream on the network.     

一种基于无人机位姿信息的航拍图像拼接方法

针对现有航拍图像拼接方法处理速度较慢的问题,提出一种基于无人机位姿信息的快速拼接方法。首先从机载GPS和惯性导航单元获得无人机航拍时的坐标和姿态角,根据每一幅航拍图像对应的无人机坐标和姿态角计算它们之间的单应变换矩阵,实现航拍图像之间的快速配准。然后通过单应变换矩阵的运算得到拼接图像之间的配准,最后完成多幅图像的拼接得到整个区域的全景图。试验结果证明该方法快速有效。