鲕粒灰岩的溶解动力学特征和微观形貌的发育演化

鲕粒灰岩是重要的碳酸盐岩油气储层。通过常温常压下,北京西山鲕粒灰岩的溶解动力学实验发现,鲕粒灰岩的溶解主要受岩石和矿物的结构和化学成分控制。结构上表现为构造裂缝、鲕粒结合纹、颗粒晶体结合带等结构薄弱带优先发生溶蚀。成分上表现为白云岩化组分不仅自身较易溶蚀,而且能促进鲕粒灰岩的整体溶解;粘土矿物、石英等杂质组分常与鲕粒和白云岩化颗粒伴生,其对两者的阻溶效应更大。溶解过程中,鲕粒灰岩的构造裂隙、鲕粒放射结合纹和同心圈层等首先发生溶蚀,产生溶隙、粒内溶孔和粒间溶孔;其次为白云质组分以及白云质组分与方解石结合处而产生晶间溶孔、粒内溶孔;随着溶蚀强度的加强,围绕鲕粒形成环状溶蚀沟,在鲕粒溶蚀脱落后而形成鲕模孔。     

基于模糊综合评价法的登陆台风灾害影响评估模型

对登陆我国的台风灾害影响进行评估试验,遴选10个因子作为灾害的影响因子,利用加权平均规划法确定影响因子的权重,应用模糊综合评价法得出台风影响的评价系数及灾情分级.对2000-2006年登陆台风的影响评估进行试验,模型的评估等级与实际的灾情级别均很接近,灾情等级为特别重大、重大、较重、一般四级的Ts评分分别达到89%、87%、73%、78%,全部个例的拟合率达到90%.表明该模型能较好地评估我国登陆台风造成的灾情.     

Mg/Ca比对微生物成因的碳酸盐矿物种类和形态的影响

研究Mg/Ca比对生物成因的碳酸盐矿物种类和形态的影响是研究各种含镁方解石形成机理的关键。本文在Mg/Ca摩尔比分别为1、2、4、6和8的条件下进行了为期55d的硫酸盐还原细菌诱导碳酸盐矿物形成的实验,利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜研究了Mg/Ca比对碳酸盐矿物种类和形态的影响。实验结果表明:①Mg/Ca比与矿物的种类之间存在密切的关系。在Mg/Ca摩尔比较低(1和2)时仅形成高镁方解石,在Mg/Ca摩尔比为4时,形成的矿物组合为含镁方解石+高镁方解石,在Mg/Ca摩尔比为6和8时,矿物组合为高镁方解石+单水碳钙石+钙白云石;②Mg/Ca比影响矿物的生长速率。Mg/Ca比越高,晶体生长速率越快;③Mg/Ca比明显影响矿物的形态。随着Mg/Ca比的增大,矿物的形态有如下发展规律:哑铃形→花菜状→光球状→刺球状。这些研究结果将有助于探讨制约含镁碳酸盐矿物种类和形态的机制。     

Fossil Hydrophilid Beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) of the Late Oligocene Rott Formation (Germany)

<正>Fossil water scavenger beetles(Coleoptera:Hydrophilidae)of the latest Oligocene Rott Formation are revised,based on the examination of the type specimens,as well as numerous additional material from Statz(Los Angeles)and Kastenholz(Bonn)collections.Seven hydrophilid species are recognized,five of which are reliably attributed to the following genera:Berosus morticinus(von Heyden and von Heyden,1866),Paracymus excitatus (von Heyden and von Heyden,1866),Paracymus sp.,Hydrobiomorpha fraterna(von Heyden,1859),and Hydrophilus rottensis(Statz,1939).Coccinella? protogaeae Germar 1837 is attributed to the subtribe Hydrophilina, and Cymbiodyta? austera Statz 1939 to the subfamily Hydrophilinae.Hydrous ebeninus Statz 1939 and Paracymus excitatus(form 3)are excluded from the Hydrophiloidea.Berosus capitatus Statz 1939 is synonymized with Berosus morticinus,and Hydrous neptunus von Heyden and von Heyden 1866 with Hydrobiomorpha fraterna.Lectotypes of Philydrus morticinus von Heyden and von Heyden 1866 and Hydrous ebeninus Statz 1939 are designated.The significance of the hydrophilid fossils for paleoecological reconstructions of the former Rott Lake is briefly discussed.     

一种融合数学形态学运算的多尺度建筑物分割算法

多尺度分割算法是面向对象的图像分析方法中的一种较为成熟、稳定的分割算法,但存在部分分割不准确和分割效率低等问题.为此,提出一种融合数学形态学运算的多尺度建筑物分割算法:首先利用高斯滤波器对遥感图像进行滤波处理,然后通过数学形态学运算对图像进行腐蚀处理,最后采用多尺度分割算法得到建筑物影像.对昆明市局部区域的QuickBird图像进行多尺度建筑物分割实验的结果表明,该算法具有分割精度高、效率快等优点,对类似工作有一定的借鉴意义.     

集成距离变换和区域邻接图生成Delaunay三角网的方法研究

基于距离变换和区域邻接图,提出了一种D-TIN(包括约束的D-TIN)的生成方法。利用D-TIN是Voronoi图的几何对偶这一特性,使用距离变换获取点的Voronoi图,使用区域邻接图获取点在该Voronoi图上的空间邻接关系,以生成D-TIN或者约束的D-TIN。实验表明,与经典的基于数学形态学生成的D-TIN和约束D-TIN的方法相比,本文算法可以分别提高约57.70%和56.64%的效率。     

Evaluation of floodplain variability considering impacts of climate change

In this study, an approach is presented for handling hydraulic uncertainties in the prediction of floodplain. Different factors affect river flood characteristics. Furthermore, the high changeability of flooding conditions leads to high variability of the inundation. River morphology is one of the most effective factors in river flood characteristics. This factor is influenced by sedimentation and erosion in the river cross sections, which affects the discharge variation. The depth and the width of the river cross section lead to an increase or decrease in the river flow path. This results in changes in the extent of the floodplain based on the generated rainfall. The inundated region boundaries are determined by utilizing the mean first‐order second‐moment analysis. The proposed method is applied to the Kajoo River in the south‐eastern part of Iran. Determination of floodplain uncertainty is a damage‐reduction policy in this region. Also, it is useful to prepare the necessary activities for overcoming the flood hazards. Climate change is the second effective factor on the floodplain uncertainties. Climate change affects the magnitude, extent and depth of inundation and it may intensify the flood problem. Therefore, the future rainfall pattern of the study area under climate change is simulated to evaluate its impacts on the river flow characteristic. Subsequently, a hydraulic routing model is used to determine floodplain. Finally, the copula function is used to estimate the joint probability of the changes in the inundation area due to changes in river morphology and the rainfall changes due to impacts of climate change. Results show that the uncertainties of the extent of floodplain are affected by climate change and river morphology, leading to noticeable changes in the magnitude and frequency of floods. Evaluating these impacts and estimating corresponding river discharges will help in the study of river dynamics, and will also contribute towards devising effective mitigation and management strategies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用形态学重建方法进行机载LiDAR数据滤波

在利用KD-树进行粗差剔除的基础上,结合机载LiDAR数据的多回波特性剔除不必要的冗余数据,利用形态学重建的方法对机载LiDAR数据进行滤波,且运行时只需要输入一个参数。使用国际摄影测量与遥感学会(ISPRS)提供的测试数据对算法进行实验,并与国际上8种滤波算法进行对比,结果表明,该算法对各种场景的适应性较强,既能有效地去除非地面点,又能很好地保留地面点,使Ⅰ类误差、Ⅱ类误差和总体误差分别保持在9.93%、7.27%和9.76%以下,整体性能优于经典的滤波方法。     

利用改进的遗传算法对红外影像自适应目标进行检测

针对红外影像背景复杂、噪声污染严重的特点,提出了一种基于训练样本的形态学背景估计方法,并将其应用于天空背景下的小目标检测及复杂自然背景下的人物目标检测实验。实验结果表明,改进的遗传算法不仅有效地改善了其过早收敛的缺陷,还增强了算法的局部探索能力,可消除复杂自然背景的影响,并可以有效地抑制椒盐噪声,检测结果的查准率和虚警率均有很大改进。     

Riffle‐pool morphometry and stage‐dependant morphodynamics of a large floodplain river (Vereinigte Mulde,Sachsen‐Anhalt,Germany)

Riffle‐pool sequences are a common feature of gravel‐bed rivers. However, mechanisms of their generation and maintenance are still not fully understood. In this study a monitoring approach is employed that focuses on analysing cross‐sectional and longitudinal channel geometry of a large floodplain river (Vereinigte Mulde, Sachsen‐Anhalt, Germany) with a high temporal and spatial resolution, in order to conclude from stage‐dependant morphometric changes to riffle and pool maintaining processes. In accordance with previous authors, pool cross‐sections of the Mulde River are narrow and riffle cross‐sections are wide suggesting that they should rather be addressed as two general types of channel cross‐sections than solely as bedforms. At high flows, riffles and pools in the study reaches changed in length and height but not in position. Pools were scoured and riffles aggraded, a development which was reversed during receding flows below the threshold of 0·4Q_bf (40% bankfull discharge). An index for the longitudinal amplitude of riffle‐pool sequences, the bed undulation intensity or bedform amplitude, is introduced and proved to be highly significant as a form parameter, its first derivative as a process parameter. The process of pool scour and riffle fill is addressed as bedform maintenance or bedform accentuation. It is indicated by increasing longitudinal bed amplitudes. According to the observed dynamics of bed amplitudes, maintenance of riffle‐pool sequences lags behind discharge peaks. Maximum bed amplitudes may be reached with a delay of several days after peak discharges. Increasing bed undulation intensity is interpreted to indicate bed mobility. Post‐flood decrease of the bed undulation intensity indicates a retrograde phase when transport from pools to riffles has ceased and bed mobility is restricted to riffle tails and heads of pools. This type of transport behaviour is referred to as disconnected mobility. The comparison of two river reaches, one with undisturbed sediment supply, the other with sediment deficit, suggests that high bed undulation intensity values at low flows indicate sediment deficit and potentially channel degrading conditions. It is more generally hypothesized that channel bed undulations constitute a major component of form roughness and that increased bed amplitudes are an important feature of channel bed adjustment to sediment deficit be it temporally during late floods or permanently due to a supply limitation of bedload. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.