刺参血淋巴细胞形态和表面结构观察

通过光镜和扫描电镜观察,较为系统地研究刺参（Apostichopus japonicus）血淋巴细胞的形态和表面结构。根据大小和形态结构,将血淋巴细胞定义为4种类型：小淋巴细胞、吞噬细胞、桑葚细胞和结晶细胞。     

云纹石斑鱼与褐石斑鱼形态比较研究

对在分类上存在混乱的云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)和褐石斑鱼(E.bruneus)的外部形态和骨骼系统进行了比较研究,结果表明:两种石斑鱼的体形和体表横带等外部形态特征非常相似,但体表斑纹不同;Fisher逐步判别法分析得出两者在可量性状,如体长/肛长、背鳍基底长/臀鳍基底长和头长/眼径,可数性状,如背鳍鳍条数、鳃耙数和幽门盲囊数等方面的差异达到极显著水平(p<0.001);两者骨骼系统均由脑颅、咽颅、脊柱、肋骨和附肢骨骼组成,主轴和附肢骨骼的形态结构基本相同,但在脑颅的眶前骨和眶后骨、咽颅的前鳃盖骨和尾舌骨、附肢骨骼的髓棘间骨以及尾下骨与尾鳍鳍条连接方式等方面存在明显差异。上述形态与骨骼差异可作为两种石斑鱼种间分类的依据。研究结果确认云纹石斑鱼和褐石斑鱼为两个不同的物种。     

超声法制备不同形貌氧化亚铜

以CuC l为前驱体,采用超声辐射制备出了微米立方、八面体氧化亚铜和纳米微晶氧化亚铜,通过XRD和SEM对实验产物进行了表征分析,并对超声作用机理进行了分析。分析结果表明所得产物为Cu2O纯相,Cu2O形貌为微米尺度立方、八面体和纳米尺度的纳米微晶。反应温度和CuC l的加入量决定了反应产物纯度和形貌。     

The Pitcairn hotspot in the South Pacific: distribution and composition of submarine volcanic sequences

Multibeam bathymetry and bottom imaging (Simrad EM12D) studies on an area of about 9500 km² were conducted over the Pitcairn hotspot near 25°10′S, 129° 20′W. In addition, 15 dives with the Nautile submersible enabled us to obtain ground-true observations and to sample volcanic structures on the ancient ocean crust of the Farallon Plate at 3500–4300 m depths. More than 100 submarine volcanoes overprint the ancient crust and are divided according to their size into large (>2000 m in height), intermediate (500–2000 m high) and small (<500 m high) edifices. The interpretation of seafloor backscatter imagery accompanied by submersible observations and sampling enabled us to infer that the total volume of submarine lava erupted during hotspot activity is about 5900 km³ within a radius of about 110 km. The most recent volcanic activities occur on both small and large edifices composed of a great variety of lava flows. These flows vary in composition, following a succession from picritic basalt to alkali basalt, trachybasalt, trachy-andesite and to trachyte. Their large range of SiO₂ (48–62%), Na₂O+K₂O (2–11%), Ba (300–1300 ppm), MgO (1–11%), Nb (19–130 ppm), Ni (4–400 ppm) and rare earth elements suggests that crystal–liquid fractionation from basanite and/or picritic melt sources was a major process. The variation in composition between the least evolved basaltic rocks and the other more evolved silicic lava is marked by a difference in their flow morphology (pillow, giant tubes, tabular to blocky flows). The lava composition and field observation indicate that several magmatic pulses giving rise to cyclic eruptions are responsible for the construction of the edifices. The two larger edifices (>2000 m high) show more extensive eruptive events and a wider range in compositional variability than the smaller (<500 m high) ones. Several (five) submersible transects made along the slope of one of the largest edifices (Bounty) enabled us to observe at least nine successive eruptive cycles progressing from pillow and giant tubular basalt to tabular/blocky trachy-andesite and trachyte flows. Pyroclasts and hyaloclastites are often found with these eruptive sequences. The smaller edifices, forming individualized cones, are built mainly of evolved silicic (SiO₂>53%) flows consisting essentially of alternating sequences of trachy-andesite and trachyte. The distribution and composition of the small edifices suggest that they are the result of sub-crustal forceful magma injection and channeling supplied from reservoirs associated with the large volcanoes.     

Numerical modeling of local scour at a submerged weir with a downstream slope using a coupled moving-mesh and maskedelement approach

This paper presents a model for local scour at submerged weirs with downstream slopes that uses a coupled moving-mesh and masked-element approach.In the developed model,the fluid-sediment interface is tracked using a moving-mesh technique,and the effects of the structure on the hydrodynamics and bed morphology are resolved using a masked-element technique.Compared to traditional sediment scour models,based on the moving-mesh technique,the present model has the advantage of allowing for a simpler setup of the computational grids and a larger-amplitude deformation.Laboratory experiments on local scour at a submerged weir with a downstream slope were conducted,which provided bed profiles at different time instants.The results obtained by the present model are compared to the experimental data.The comparisons demonstrate the performance of the model in satisfactorily predicting local scour at a submerged weir with a downstream slope.The model was further modified and employed to carry out additional computations to investigate the influence of various parameters and sub-models.     

灌丛沙丘形成演化及环境指示意义研究的主要进展

干旱半干旱区风沙活动较强烈, 风沙地貌十分发育, 环境演变过程对气候变化响应敏感。由于缺乏高分辨率载体, 在这些地区进行环境变化重建的手段及获得的结果相对贫乏。但是在这些区域发育的灌丛沙丘是风沙堆积体, 其形成演化记录了相对丰富的区域环境演变信息。本文综述了目前在灌丛沙丘形态学特征、发育过程、以及其在区域环境变化重建中的意义等方面的研究进展。我们认为, 灌丛沙丘形成演化研究在揭示干旱区环境演变过程方面有重大的意义, 但还没有形成系统的体系, 这一方面的研究仍有较大的空间。     

盐沼前缘陡坎韵律性形态特征及其形成过程与机理

盐沼前缘陡坎是潮滩环境中盐沼与粉砂—淤泥质光滩交界处的独特地貌形态,研究其形成过程与机理有助于理解盐沼湿地对潮滩发育及其稳定性的影响。根据江苏中部海岸盐城自然保护区核心岸段互花米草盐沼前缘陡坎形态参数（凹槽长度、凹槽宽度和陡坎高度）的分析,发现不同的形态参数组合对应于不同的陡坎演化阶段。根据陡坎形态特征差异,可将盐沼前缘陡坎韵律性形态发育过程分为三个阶段,而这三阶段的交替旋回过程与近岸波向的季节性变化有关。陡坎处的地貌特征与前缘光滩的沉积物特征表明陡坎形态特征形成与波浪作用有关,且显著的陡坎韵律性形态能够部分地应用边缘波理论来解释。     

城市人居环境与经济协调发展不确定性定量评价 ——-以长沙市为例

城市人居环境是城市经济持续发展的重要基础和载体,城市经济是人居环境发展的坚实保障和前提。只有实现两者的协调,才是实现城市可持续发展的必由之路。城市人居环境与经济发展的协调性定量评价,是测度两者发展状态的工具,对城市健康发展具有重要的指 示功能。城市人居环境与经济系统存在于整个城市生态系统中,由于系统的复杂性,其中存 有多种不确定性的因素。因此,考虑不确定性因素影响下,如何建立评价体系,采用什么样 的方法进行评价是当前研究的难点之一,也是学术界面临的一项迫切需要解决的问题。本文尝试对城市人居环境与经济协调发展评价中所面临的不确定性问题进行了分析,提出评价体系构建的原则,引入模糊数学方法,提出了一套基于不确定性的综合评价方法与模型,并将该方法应用于长沙市的实证研究中。评价结果与实际情况大体吻合。该方法不仅能反映城市发展整体协调状况,而且能模糊辨别系统间相互作用的模式与演进方式,具有一定的理论价值和可操作性。     

黄河中游流域地貌形态对流域产沙量的影响

在黄河中游地区 ,选择了 5 0多个面积约 5 0 0～ 2 5 0 0平方公里的水文测站流域 ,分别代表 6种不同自然地理类型 ,在流域沟壑密度、沟间地坡度小于 15°面积百分比等地貌形态指标量计的基础上 ,进行了流域产沙量与地貌形态指标相关分析。结果表明 ,对于不同类型流域 ,流域产沙量随流域地貌的变化遵循不同的响应规律 ,而且视流域其它下垫面环境条件的均一程度 ,其相关程度和响应速率各不相同。受地面物质、植被、地貌发育阶段等流域其它下垫面环境条件的制约 ,除沟壑密度外 ,流域产沙量与流域地貌形态的关系都没有人们以前所预期的好。     

THE MOST PERFECT EXAMPLE OF AN ALIEN ECOLOGY EVER CONSTRUCTED

Much science-fiction literature is based upon the creation and exploration of alternative environments. Stanley G. Weinbaum's short story, “Parasite Planet,”introduces an unusual environment that may be wrong in the light of recent evidence on Venus but still stimulates the geographical imagination.