基于3维的基础测绘成果客户选图服务系统研究

探讨了GeoGlobe3维GIS技术在基础测绘成果客户选图服务中的应用,主要包括系统框架设计和具体功能。     

地图投影变换浅析

通过研究得出,将地球上各种地理事物与现象表示到平面上,需要采取一系列数学变换,才能使地面上的点与平面上的相应点建立起对应关系,从而才有可能反映出它们的位置、距离、方向、面积、形状及数量大小关系。地图之所以能在平面上反映出球面上事物与现象的空间准确位置和相互关系,就是由于它经过了地图投影的转换。通过研究地图投影变换问题,可以为基于离散网格的数据管理和建模应用提供很好的投影变换基础。     

公开版地图符号的标准化研究

以公开版地图符号和表示方法的多样性为研究对象,结合公开版地图的应用需求,提出公开版地图符号标准化研究的基本原则、符号标准的设计流程、标准化符号的发布应用等整体思路,对增强公开版地图的系统性、易读性、美观性,提高公开版地图的制作效率具有很强的现实意义。     

Harveys and Walking Maps

Abstract

Geographical information is connected to everyday life in many ways. Web cartography has made geospatial data more available to the public. In the next few years, the average age of the population will be over 51 years, with more than 15% of the population over the age of 65 years. The fact that the senior population is increasing suggests that online mapping and map viewer design should be aware of the senior population’s visual restrictions, as well as restrictions of other potential map users, including colour-vision-impaired users. This paper describes the senior population’s visual restrictions that can be compared with colour-vision-impaired users and provides guidelines with regard to online mapping and map viewer design for this growing segment of the elderly population.     

Blending Aggregation and Selection: Adapting Parallel Coordinates for the Visualization of Large Datasets

Abstract

Many of the traditional data visualization techniques, which proved to be supportive for exploratory analysis of datasets of moderate sizes, fail to fulfil their function when applied to large datasets. There are two approaches to coping with large amounts of data: data selection, when only a portion of data is displayed, and data aggregation, i.e. grouping data items and considering the groups instead of the original data. None of these approaches alone suits the needs of exploratory data analysis, which requires consideration of data on all levels: overall (considering a dataset as a whole), intermediate (viewing and comparing collective characteristics of arbitrary data subsets, or classes), and elementary (accessing individual data items). Therefore, it is necessary to combine these approaches, i.e. build a tool showing the whole set and arbitrarily defined subsets (object classes) in an aggregated way and superimposing this with a representation of arbitrarily selected individual data items.

We have achieved such a combination of approaches by modifying the technique of parallel coordinate plot. These modifications are described and analysed in the paper.     

一等水准点之记标准化与规范化研究

为保证一等水准点之记精度与质量,提高测绘人员野外工作效率,对目前的一等水准点之记进行了探讨与分析,指出了其详细位置图与点位,详细说明表达、标石断面图绘制和经纬度书写及交通路线描述中存在的缺点,并基于此提出了若干改进意见,这在一定程度上促进了一等水准点之记信息的标准化与规范化。     

旅游区划分在省级旅游地图中的应用实践

旅游地图是旅游业与旅游者认识空间的重要工具。随着旅游业的兴旺,旅游人口不断增加,旅游者的文化素质也在不断的提升,需要有更好品质的地图以满足其日益增长的需要,旅游地图的编制面临着空前的挑战。本文以黑龙江省旅游地图为例,根据省级旅游地图表示内容要求和设计中存在的问题,通过对旅游区的定义、划分原则和黑龙江省旅游图中的划分实践,为省级旅游图设计提供一个新的思路。     

长春市深部地下水赋存规律之我见

长春市北西或北北西向扭性断裂或断裂带是客观存在，它对长春市深部地下水循环与循存起控制作用，是深部基岩裂隙水的主要导水通道，且大都为富水带。原北东向压扭性断裂或断裂带起阻水作用，二者相得益彰。笔者于长春北郊贫水区，利用这一新理论，在水文地质调查基础上，结合多种水文物探手段布孔凿井，打出一口水量丰富的优质矿泉水井，进而验证了北西向富水说，了箕市深部地下水赋存规律的新认识，此说不但对长春市供水有实际意义     

Development of spectral hazard maps for a proposed revision of the Indonesian Seismic Building Code

The need to revise the current Indonesian Seismic Hazard Map contained in Indonesian Earthquake Resistant Building Code SNI 03-1726-2002 which partially adopts the concept of UBC 1997, was driven among others by the desire to better reflect the potential larger earthquake disasters faced by the nation in the future. The much larger than maximum predicted Aceh Earthquake (M _w 9.0–9.3) of 2004, followed by the destruction observed during the 2005 Nias Earthquake (M _w 8.7) urgently underline to need to consider the new conceptual approach and technological shift shown in the transition of UBC 1997 to IBC 2006. This paper presents research works for developing spectral hazard maps for Indonesia. Some improvements in seismic hazard analysis were implemented using recent seismic records. Seismic sources were modeled by background, fault, and subduction zones by considering a truncated exponential model, pure characteristic model or both models. A logic tree method was performed to account for the epistemic uncertainty and several attenuation functions were selected. Maps of PGA and spectral accelerations for a short period (0.2 s) and for a 1-s period were then developed using a probabilistic approach. The maps will be proposed as a revision for the current seismic hazard map in the Indonesian Seismic Building Code.     

Interpretation of Ni2p XPS spectra of Ni conductors and Ni insulators

Ni2p_3/2 X-ray photoelectron spectral peak binding energies of Ni metal, NiS, and NiAs (all conductors) span a range of about 0.5 eV and are, consequently, insensitive to formal Ni oxidation state and to the nature of the ligand to which Ni is bonded, relative to other metals (e.g., Fe). Ni2p_3/2 peak structures and binding energies reflect two energetic contributions. The major contribution is that associated with the electrostatic field produced by ejection of the Ni(2p) photoelectron, the minor contribution is the relaxation energy associated with filling unoccupied, conduction band 3d⁹ and 4s Ni metal orbitals. These conduction band orbitals become localized on the Ni photoion (and sometimes filled) in response to the field created by the photoemission event. Because only the core Ni2p electron and nonbonding orbitals of predominantly metallic character are affected, the main peak of all three conductors are affected similarly, leading to similar Ni2p_3/2 main peak binding energies. NiO, Ni(OH)₂, and NiSO₄ are insulators in which Ni is divalent and is bonded to oxygen. Although Ni is bonded to oxide in these phases, Ni2p binding energies differ substantially, and reflect primarily the nature of the ligand (O²⁻, OH⁻, SO₄ ²⁻) to which Ni is bonded. The influence of the ligand is the result of charge (electron) transfer from valence band bonding orbitals of dominantly ligand character, to unoccupied conduction band orbitals localized on Ni photoions. Relaxation energy resulting from charge transfer is acquired by the emitted photoelectron, thus Ni2p_3/2 photopeak binding energies of these insulators reflect the nature of the ligand to which Ni is bonded. The Ni2p main peak binding energy of these conductors and insulators is a poor guide to Ni oxidation states. The Ni2p_3/2 binding energies of insulators reflect, however, the nature of the ligand in the first coordination sphere of Ni. The intensity of the Doniach–Sunjic contribution to Ni2p XPS spectra of NiS and NiAs is dependent on the nature of the ligand. The Doniach–Sunjic contribution to ligand XPS core-level photopeaks (e.g., S2p of NiS and As3d of NiAs) has not been explained and is poorly understood. Received 24 May 1999 / Revised, accepted: 30 June 1999