区域可持续发展中的环境伦理问题

全世界面临着人口、资源、环境和发展等一系列问题和严重挑战。当前要实施全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观,贯穿其中的主线是树立正确的环境伦理意识,协调处理好人与自然的关系,促进区域可持续发展。人类是地球自然界的一部分,只有以全球整体利益为出发点处理环境与发展问题,才有较大的安全性和包容性。应当以尊重自然及其内在价值为基础来规范人类的实践活动,构建新时代的文明发展模式。环境伦理与可持续发展观在形成和社会功能上有密切的联系。要实施可持续发展战略,必须十分重视环境伦理的研究、教育和实践。实现人与自然和谐的可持续发展是政府和社会公众的共同责任。环境伦理在区域可持续发展中涉及的应用领域很广,要重视地球系统科学知识的宣传普及,提高公民和决策者的环境意识与可持续发展的伦理观念。     

干旱区人水和谐治水思想的探讨

在温故古人治水思想的基础上,认真总结和深刻领悟现代治水新思路,并针对干旱区内陆河流域径流形成、利用、转化、耗散等水循环特征和经济社会发展与生态环境保护在用水方面的突出矛盾,反思水资源在开发、利用、治理、配置、节约和保护等水事活动中存在的诸多问题,提出了“治河之术,治水之学,治域之理,人水和谐之道”的治水思想。这是实施资源水利战略,实现水资源可持续利用目标的重要思想理论基础,对于其它流域或区域治水方略的确立也具有广泛的借鉴意义。     

Present status and cause of land desertification in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin

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地铁建设对城市地下水环境影响的探讨

在城市地下空间开拓的过程中,一些具有规模效应的大型地下构筑物已经对区域地下水环境产生了影响。通过对南京市地下水的实测分析以及与地铁隧道相互作用的研究表明,秦淮河古河道是地下水补给及传输的主动脉,地铁隧道穿越秦淮河古河道,且隧道埋深与主要导水层深重合,导致区域地下水环境发生改变,降低了地下水的循环代谢,将加重地下水的污染。提出人地协调的生态城市的规划应充分结合地质调查的结果,选择合理的空间布局,降低对生态环境的有害影响。     

半干旱地区泥石流沟道地形要素关联度评价——以神府-东胜矿区人为泥石流沟为例

在神府-东胜矿区人为泥石流沟道广泛野外调查的基础上,选取了43条典型泥石流样沟,在1:10000地形图及卫片上进行了形态要素量测,应用流域地貌分析原理,对43条样沟各形态要素进行了剖析及关联度评价,并进行了泥石流沟道发育阶段的信息维分析,所得结论为:半干旱地区的人为泥石流沟道地势比沿程变化奇特,以形成区比降最大,区别于自然泥石流沟道;沟道分区面积比以汇水区面积最大,明显区别于湿润地区;流域形状以扇形为主,沟道给养面积较大,崎岖系数不甚太大是半干旱地区人为泥石流沟道的独特之处,泥石流沟道发育以幼、青年期为主,最后得出了以沟道比降为主因子的各形态要素的主次排序。     

太湖流域1991年特大洪涝成因与对策探讨

受天地生相互作用影响,1991年大气环流异常,太湖流域出现了两度梅雨,雨期长、降水强度大。由于近数十年来,水域环境发生了变化,洪水出路不畅,6—7月间发生了特大洪涝,其特征是:降水逊于历史,水位超历史;成灾面积不及历史,经济损失远超历史。协调人地关系不善,加剧了这次洪涝灾害。因而,在统一规划下,协调好人地关系,是重要的减灾对策。     

Progress in China's Unconventional Oil & Gas Exploration and Development and Theoretical Technologies

The new century has witnessed a strategic breakthrough in unconventional oil gas.Hydrocarbon accumulated in micro-/nano-scale pore throat shale systems has become an important domain that could replace current oil gas resources.Unconventional oil gas plays an increasingly important role in our energy demand.Tight gas,CBM,heavy oil and asphaltic sand have served as a key domain of exploration development,with tight oil becoming a 'bright spot' domain and shale gas becoming a 'hotspot' domain.China has made great breakthroughs in unconventional oil gas resources,such as tight gas,shale gas,tight oil and CBM,and great progress in oil shale,gas hydrate,heavy oil and oil sand.China has an estimated(223-263)×10~8t of unconventional oil resources and(890-1260)×l0~(12)m~3 of gas resources.China has made a breakthrough for progress in unconventional oil gas study.New progress achieved in fine-grained sedimentary studies related to continental open lacustrine basin large-scale shallow-water delta sand bodies,lacustrine basin central sandy clastic flow sediments and marine-continental fine-grained sediments provide a theoretical basis for the formation and distribution of basin central reservoir bodies.Great breakthroughs have been made in unconventional reservoir geology in respect of research methodology technology,multi-scale data merging and physical simulation of formation conditions.Overall characterization of unconventional reservoirs via multi-method and multi-scale becomes increasingly popular and facilitates the rapid development of unconventional oil gas geological theory,method and technology.The formation of innovative,continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory,the establishment of the framework of the unconventional oil gas geological theory system,and the determination of the implications,geological feature,formation mechanism,distribution rule and core technology of unconventional oil gas geological study lays a theoretical foundation for extensive unconventional oil gas exploration and development.Theories and technologies of unconventional oil gas exploration and development developed rapidly,including some key evaluation techniques such as 'sweet spot zone' integrated evaluation and a six-property evaluation technique that uses hydrocarbon source,lithology,physical property,brittleness,hydrocarbon potential and stress anisotropy,and some key development engineering technologies including micro-seismic monitoring,horizontal drilling completion and "factory-like" operation pattern, "man-made reservoir" development,which have facilitated the innovative development of unconventional oil gas.These breakthroughs define a new understanding in four aspects:①theoretical innovation;② key technologies;③ complete market mechanism and national policy support;and ④ well-developed ground infrastructure,which are significant for prolonging the life cycle of petroleum industry,accelerating the upgrade and development of theories and technologies and altering the global traditional energy structure.     

Effects of Cropping on Growth in the Mediterranean Seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile*

Abstract. In view of proposed human use of seagrass production the influence of cropping on the growth of Posidonia oceanica (L.) DELILE was investigated. Removal of photosynthetic tissue reduces productivity throughout most of the growth season. This is consistent with the observed low natural grazing rates in aquatic macrophytes. A high mortality of shoots points to possible irreversible damage to the meadow. Harvesting of Posidonia should therefore be restricted to the end of the leaf growth period in early fall.     

人地关系与经济布局理论创新与突破——庆贺吴传钧院士80华诞

吴传钧先生是中外著名的杰出地理学家,曾荣任两届（１９８８～１９９６）国际地理联合会副主席,现连任中国地理学会理事长。在８０华诞之际,同时发表《人地关系与经济布局》、《现代经济地理学》和《中国经济地理》三部巨著,突出显现先生学术风采。先生的学术思想极其活跃,达到炉火纯青之境,不愧为当代中国地理学的大师。对于复兴人文地理学,先生发挥着关键性作用,建立了历史功勋。本文扼要地介绍先生的人地关系与经济布局的理论创新以及在地理学、尤其是人文地理学（含经济地理学、农业地理学、土地利用学、资源综合考察、国土整治与国土规划）和国际地理学术交流领域的杰出贡献。     

南京汤山猿人洞穴的形成及发展过程

从岩性、构造、洞穴特征等方面对汤山猿人洞穴的成因，发展过程进行了分析，揭示了洞穴形成的主要控制因素和多期复合成因的形成特点，并对洞内沉积物、南京人化石的形成及保存条件进行了初步的探讨。