中国农村家庭的震后生活恢复过程研究

灾后恢复是一个随时间不断变化发展的过程。本文以2008年四川汶川Ms8.0级地震为巨灾案例,2009年云南姚安Ms6.0级地震为中小型灾害案例,对农村灾区家庭进行随机入户调查。基于1094份有效问卷,运用恢复曲线,研究受灾家庭的生活恢复随时间变化的规律,对比不同灾害强度对恢复重建过程的影响。结果表明：家庭恢复过程具有明显的阶段性,根据恢复速率的变化,可分为应急期、恢复前期、恢复中期,恢复后期。巨灾和中小型灾害在恢复历时、恢复过程方面存在较大不同：中小型灾害生活恢复的过程相对较短,绝大多数重损家庭在灾后20个月完成恢复,中损家庭为18个月,二者相差较小;巨型灾害恢复过程整体历时较长,大多数中损家庭在灾后68个月才完成恢复,重损家庭的生活恢复整体滞后于中损家庭1年以上,并且随着时间的推移,受灾程度对恢复过程的影响越来越突出。     

干旱胁迫下植物抗逆性大尺度遥感监测方法

目前干旱与植被关系的研究主要集中于气候因子与植被时空变化的相关性分析以及植被对气候变化的响应,能够适用于大尺度的植物抗逆性监测方法还较为欠缺。本文基于归一化植被指数（NDVI）、总初级生产力（GPP）、修正花青素含量指数（mACI）、短波红外水分胁迫指数（SIWSI）监测干旱胁迫下的植被变化,综合考虑植物抗逆过程,建立滞后时间、抗逆时差、响应程度与恢复能力4个植物抗逆性监测指标,构建了一种能够适用于大尺度的植物抗逆性综合监测方法。利用各省份作物抗逆性综合评分与绝收比例进行相关性分析,两者呈显著负相关。利用该方法对干旱胁迫下我国不同类型植被的抗逆性进行评估,结果表明：(1)从全国整体水平来看,不同季节植物抗逆性差异较大,其中夏季植物抗逆性最弱,冬季最强。我国植物抗逆性空间异质性显著,春季植物抗逆性综合评分低于70分的区域主要位于山西、陕西北部,综合评分高于90分的区域主要集中在内蒙古东北部以及云南的南部地区;(2)不同类型植被的抗逆性有明显差异,夏季落叶针叶林抗逆性最强,类内差异最小,春秋两季草地抗逆性最强但抗逆性类内差异最大。本文提出的植物抗逆性综合监测方法有助于探索干旱胁迫下植物抗逆...     

三北工程区植被恢复对土壤风蚀的影响及植被恢复潜力研究

三北地区是我国重要的生态屏障,分析2000—2019年三北防护林体系建设工程（简称：三北工程）区植被恢复时空变化状况,厘定人类活动与气候要素对植被恢复的贡献,探究植被恢复对土壤风蚀影响,评估植被恢复潜力空间,可为三北防护林体系建设工程未来规划管理和科学施策提供参考。本文在选取植被覆盖度和植被净初级生产力表征植被恢复状况基础上,利用地面数据,结合模型模拟,定量评估了2000—2019年三北防护林体系建设工程区植被恢复程度及其对土壤风蚀的影响,并对植被恢复潜力进行探究。研究结果表明：(1) 2000—2019年植被恢复程度高、较高的面积,占总面积的35.29%和13.16%,主要分布在黄土高原区及北部区域和风沙区与东北华北平原农区的部分地区。人类活动与气候因素对植被恢复贡献率为10.45%和89.55%;(2)土壤风蚀以轻度侵蚀和微度侵蚀为主,呈逐年下降趋势,剧烈侵蚀面积减少了66.45%,防风固沙服务得到进一步提升。植被恢复程度与土壤风蚀模数呈负相关关系,植被恢复程度较好有助于降低土壤风蚀模数;(3)三北工程区森林、草地和荒漠生态系统仍有8.16%的恢复潜力,内蒙古高原北部部分地区、哈顺...     

准噶尔盆地车莫古隆起侏罗系剥蚀厚度恢复

车莫古隆起位于准噶尔盆地腹部,为一个南西-北东走向的燕山期古隆起,现今构造为由北向南倾斜的单斜。该区侏罗纪经历了多期构造运动,发育多个削蚀和上超不整合面,是地层岩性油气藏勘探的有利地区。通过地层剥蚀厚度恢复主要方法与相关条件的分析,根据研究区实际地震资料特征,采用地震剖面直接追踪法、参考层厚度变化率法和邻层厚度比值法,对车莫古隆起区侏罗系头屯河组、西山窑组、三工河组的剥蚀厚度进行了恢复,其最大剥蚀量均分布在奎屯-莫索湾一带,各层最大剥蚀厚度为260 m、340 m和140 m。其中古隆起高部位的西山窑组剥蚀量可能是由两期构造运动造成的,三工河组剥蚀量的产生可能来自后期构造运动。通过分析剥蚀厚度平面分布特征与古隆起形成、演化之间的关系,指出早侏罗世末期是车莫古隆起的雏形期,西山窑组沉积期是车莫古隆起的逐渐发育时期,侏罗纪末期是车莫古隆起快速发育时期。大量剥蚀产物的搬运为古隆起翼部斜坡区地层岩性圈闭的形成创造了条件,车莫古隆起南部斜坡区是油气聚集的有利地区。     

Survival estimates for the greater crested tern Thalasseus bergii in southern Africa

The nominate race of the greater crested tern Thalasseus bergii breeds only along the coast of the Benguela region (west coast) of southern Africa, where its population is increasing, in contrast to other species of breeding seabirds in the region which similarly depend on forage fish. Although this population’s trends are well known, its demographic parameters remain obscure. We used multi-event capture–recapture–recovery modelling to provide the first estimates of survival. The survival rate of birds older than two years was 0.93 (0.91–0.95); second-year survival was 0.93 (0.90–0.95) and first-year survival was 0.80 (0.73–0.85). A resighting of a 34-year-old bird is a new longevity record for the species. Population growth rates projected with a Leslie matrix model that included our survival estimates were very similar to estimates from annual counts of the breeding population (7–8% y^?1), suggesting that these survival estimates adequately describe the species’ demography. High survival rates have likely contributed to the species’ recent population increase in the region.     

重力场恢复中的基于星载GPS的低轨卫星简化动力学定轨方法研究

低轨重力卫星轨道的精确确定是获得精密地球重力场模型的前提, 而精密重力场模型又是获得高精度定轨结果的保证.本文简述了利用卫星重力方法恢复地球重力场及简化动力学方法确定低轨卫星轨道的数学模型,并简单分析和比较现有的几种重力场模型.用CHAMP实测数据,结合现有的重力场模型,系统分析、研究了不同阶次、不同重力场模型对低轨卫星定轨精度的影响;研究了不同间隔的随机速度脉冲在简化动力学方法中对模型误差的吸收、调节作用.计算结果表明,在定轨中,选择合理阶数的、较精确的重力场模型及合理间隔的随机脉冲参数,不但可以提高计算效率,更能提高定轨精度.     

Current status and ecological roles of Zostera marina after recovery from large-scale reclamation in the Nakdong River estuary,Korea

Large Zostera marina meadows (covering 13.6 km²) existed in the Nakdong River estuary on the south coast of Korea until the mid-1980s, but these Z. marina beds nearly disappeared due to reclamation of adjacent mud flats for the construction of a port and industrial complex during the late 1980s. Partial recovery of Z. marina meadows occurred recently, and Z. marina coverage of about 0.3 km² was observed in this estuary. In this study, shoot morphology, density, biomass, productivity, and tissue nutrient content were measured to evaluate the current status of the Z. marina meadows by comparing these data to those for persistent seagrass meadows in similar geographical areas. Additionally, we examined the ecological roles of Z. marina in this estuary after recovery from the large-scale disturbance. Shoot density (151 shoots m⁻²) and total biomass (141 g DW m⁻²) in the estuary were similar to those reported from other Z. marina meadows in Korea. Annual leaf production (1726 g DW m⁻² y⁻¹) was higher than generally observed for Z. marina in other geographical areas. These results imply that the existing Z. marina meadows in this estuary have adjusted to local environmental conditions that changed after large-scale reclamation. Estimated annual whole plant carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) incorporations based on shoot production and tissue C and N content were 810.0 g C m⁻² y⁻¹ and 59.7 g N m⁻² y⁻¹, respectively. These values were equivalent to 2.4 × 10⁵ kg C y⁻¹ and 1.8 × 10⁴ kg N y⁻¹ for all Z. marina beds in the Nakdong River estuary. This high C and N incorporation into Z. marina tissues suggests that existing Z. marina meadows play important roles in C and N cycles in this estuary. Although the currently existing Z. marina beds in this estuary are persisting and play an important ecological role, anthropogenic factors that cause seagrass declines still affect the estuary. Thus, effective management and monitoring of Z. marina beds and environmental factors are critical to protecting and conserving this invaluable component of the Nakdong River estuary.     

交联聚合物调驱技术在高尚堡油田高浅北区的应用

为实现高尚堡油田高浅北区的持续稳产和提高采收率,把交联聚合物调驱技术应用到高浅北区。2008年根据高浅北区油藏条件及剩余油情况分析了高浅北区交联聚合物整体调驱可行性,并根据多方面因素确定了交联聚合物整体调驱的目标区,共设计了26口调驱井;设计了交联聚合物调驱体系配方和科学合理的注入方案。交联聚合物调驱技术在高浅北区的应用已经取得了显著效果,注入压力上升,日采油量上升,提高了原油采收率,表明该技术适用于边水油藏。     

海岸新增自然岸线典型类型认定标准研究

海岸带地区自然岸线具有极其重要的资源价值和独特的生态价值。一些海岸的人工岸线经过整治修复或长时间的海陆相互作用,逐渐恢复了自然海岸的形态和功能。此类岸线本该被认定为新增自然岸线并严格管控,然而长期以来新增自然岸线的认定并无技术规范或标准,致使其游离于监管边缘且仍按照普通类型人工岸线的要求进行管理,一定程度上制约了海岸线的严格保护和有序利用。文章将新增自然岸线分为两类,即人工岸线整治修复成自然岸线和人工岸线自然恢复成自然岸线,并给出了典型岸线类型的认定标准。同时,提出新增自然岸线的管理要求,为推动构建科学合理的自然岸线格局提供了重要技术支撑。     

The nematodes of the Thames estuary: Assemblage structure and biodiversity, with a test of Attrill's linear model

Although many studies of Nematoda have been undertaken in estuarine systems, there are relatively few studies which have analysed the distribution of fauna across the entire salinity range from marine to freshwater conditions. The Thames estuary has a long history of anthropogenic impact and recovery, since it was described as “azoic” in the 1950s, which has been monitored primarily through studies of water quality and fish stocks, with less emphasis on macroinfauna and very little information on meiofaunal organisms. This study aimed to describe the nematode fauna at eight stations along the estuary from marine to freshwater conditions in order to assess patterns of density, diversity and species assemblage structure. Nematode density and diversity were generally lower in the middle reaches of the estuary, associated with the region of greatest salinity range, a pattern which was found to be in agreement with Attrill's [2002. A testable linear model for diversity trends in estuaries. Journal of Animal Ecology 71, 262–269] linear model. Multivariate analysis confirmed that each station supported a distinct nematode fauna, which could be used to identify five zones along the estuary related to salinity regime. Although alpha diversity at each station was relatively low, species turnover along the estuary resulted in relatively high gamma diversity (153 spp.) similar to that found in a number of European estuaries. The results of this study did not suggest that the nematode fauna was under significant stress from the lower levels of pollution currently found in the system. The potential routes for the recovery and re-colonization of the estuary since it most polluted days are discussed.