地震灾后恢复重建的综合后评价框架体系及实证分析以芦山县为例

近年来随着我国重特大地震灾害的频发,震后重建的灾区再次遭受地震灾害,部分重建项目在震后暴露出的问题引起了社会的广泛关注,因此对地震灾后重建进行综合后评价具有重要的科学和实际意义。本文在对国内外地震灾后恢复重建内容研究的基础上,确定综合后评价的一级评价指标:工程项目后评价、经济效益后评价、生态环境可持续性后评价、社会效果后评价、人文价值后评价和应急能力后评价。并利用解释结构模型(ISM)得出各指标之间的层次关系。本文以芦山县在汶川地震的重建内容对该一级评价指标进行实证分析,同时构建出该县重建综合后评价的二级指标。分析结果说明该评价框架体系指标合理,方法可行,具有一定的科学性和实用性。     

2014年2月12日新疆于田Ms7．3地震直接经济损失和恢复重建经费评估

新疆于田县Ms7．3地震造成灾区房屋、生命线工程、水利设施、农业及牧业等出现不同程度的破坏。通过震害调查,按照国家标准的原则和方法,评估出此次地震造成的直接经济损失和震后恢复重建经费,并且分析了此次地震的灾害损失特点。     

Disturbance regimes at the interface of geomorphology and ecology

Geomorphological processes are an integral part of ecosystem functioning and ecosystem functioning affects geomorphological processes. Increasingly widespread acknowledgement of this simple idea is manifest in a vigorous research community engaged with questions that address the two‐way interaction between biota and geomorphology, at a range of scales and in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic environments. Geomorphological disturbances are a core element of biogeomorphological interest, and although the disciplines of geomorphology and ecology have each developed languages and theories that help to explore, model and understand disturbance events, little attempt has been made to draw together these approaches. Following a brief review of these issues, we introduce thirteen papers that investigate the interactions and feedbacks between geomorphological disturbance regimes and ecosystem functions. These papers reveal the singularity of wildfire impacts, the importance of landsliding for carbon budgeting and of vegetation accumulation for landsliding, the zoogeomorphic role of iconic and ‘Cinderella’ animals in fluvial geomorphology, biophysical interactions in aeolian, fluvial and torrential environments and the utility of living ecosystems as archives of geomorphic events. Most of these papers were first presented in a conference session at the European Geoscience Union General Assembly in 2010 and several others are from recent volumes of Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new approach for high fidelity seismic data recovery by fractal interpolation

Recovering accurate data is important for both earthquake and exploration seismology studies, when data are sparsely sampled or partially missing. We present a method that allows for precise and accurate recovery of seismic data using a localized fractal recovery method. This method requires that the data are selfsimilar on local and global spatial scales. We present examples that show that the intrinsic structure associated with seismic data can be easily and accurately recovered by using this approach. This result, in turn, indicates that seismic data are indeed self-similar on local and global scales. This method is applicable not only for seismic studies, but also for any field studies that require accurate recovery of data from sparsely sampled datasets with partially missing data. Our ability to recover the missing data with high fidelity and accuracy will qualitatively improve the images of seismic tomography.     

条纹锯■对高温胁迫及胁迫后恢复方式适应的初步研究

研究了质量为148.88 g±17.29 g和16.32 g±2.23g两种规格的条纹锯(Centropristis striata)鱼种对高温的耐受性及高温胁迫后恢复方式的适应.结果表明:大规格鱼种的高温半致死温度为26.80℃,最适温度上限为20.38℃.小规格鱼种的高温半致死温度为29.26℃,最适温度上限为25.11℃.依据实验鱼种耗氧率的恢复情况可以断定:在暴露于高温半致死温度48 h或72 h条件下,直接恢复方式略优于梯度恢复方式;而暴露24 h 条件下,两种恢复方式的作用无明显差异.高温半致死温度暴露下,要避免条纹锯达到半数死亡则积温不能超过(1064.67±72.01)℃?h.     

大面积区域水准资料综合信息管理系统的设计与实现

基于Oracle的区域水准数据库并采用C/S结构(客户机/服务器结构),本文设计和开发了基于该数据库的信息管理软件平台。将大面积区域水准资料经过规范化整理及数据恢复处理后通过软件导入数据库,并通过数据检索、浏览、编辑、备份、恢复等功能实现了对水准数据的有效管理。     

库岸深层老滑坡间歇性复活的动力学机制研究

库岸深层老滑坡在季节性降雨和周期性库水位变动联合作用下往往表现出间歇性复活特征。在这一复活过程中,滑动期与间歇期交替出现,滑带土经历不同速率的剪切和不同时长的固结。从滑动期内残余强度的剪切速率效应、间歇期内峰值抗剪强度的恢复特征以及间歇期过渡到滑动期的孔隙水压力触发过程3个方面着手,建立了描述库岸深层老滑坡间歇性复活的动力学方程。塘角村1号滑坡滑带土试样的环剪试验结果显示：残余强度在较小速率范围内表现出负速率效应,而当剪切速率达到一定值后残余强度不再减小,且有微弱增长趋势;峰值强度在短时间内有较明显的恢复,但在较小位移后衰减至残余强度;孔隙水压力触发剪切破坏的发生滞后于所施加的水压力,这一滞后过程为孔隙水压力的扩散过程。基于试验成果,根据所建立的动力学方程,对库岸深层老滑坡间歇性复活的动力学机制进行了讨论,从而为此类滑坡的预测和防灾减灾提供有价值的参考。     

Principles of geomorphic disturbance and recovery in response to storms

The most important geomorphic responses to storms are qualitative changes in system state. Minor storms produce no state change or very rapid recovery to pre‐storm state, and extinction events wipe out the system. In other cases disturbance results in a state change, which may be transitional (change to a previously existing state), state space expansion (change to a new state), and clock‐resetting events that return the system to its initial state. Recovery pathways are much more varied than the monotonic progressions represented in classic vegetation succession and linear channel evolution models. Those linear sequential pathways are only one of several archetypal recovery pathways, which also include binary, convergent, divergent, and more complex networks. Filter‐dominated systems are more likely to follow linear sequential or convergent patterns, whereas amplifier‐dominance is characteristic of divergent and more complex mesh or fully‐connected patterns. Amplifier domination is also more likely to lead to evolutionary or state space expansion responses. Amplification and filtering in geomorphic response and recovery can be assessed using the 'Four R's' framework of response, resistance, relaxation, and recursion. High resistance and resilience, rapid relaxation times, and stable recursive feedback networks reduce or offset effects of disturbances, thus filtering their impacts. Conversely, low resistance and resilience, slow relaxation, and dynamically unstable feedbacks can exaggerate disturbances, creating disproportionately large and long‐lived impacts, thereby amplifying disturbances. Unless new filter mechanisms evolve (either autogenically or anthropically), or the number of extinction or clock‐resetting events increases, intensified storminess will result in more geomorphic variability. These ideas are applied to a case study of a flood on the Clark Fork River, Montana, USA. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国干旱沙区的生态重建与恢复:沙坡头站60年重要研究进展综述

中国科学院沙坡头沙漠研究试验站建站60年来,服务于国家需求,推动了沙漠科学的发展。在沙害治理、沙漠生态重建与恢复、荒漠生态系统长期生态学、沙地生态水文学\,人工植被稳定性及干旱胁迫生理生态学方面取得了重要进展\.解决了在降水量小于200 mm的干旱沙漠地区植被建设的关键技术,证实了通过人为促进生态恢复是可行的,创造了人类活动(治理和利用)与沙漠自然和谐持续发展的模式;探讨了干旱沙区土壤水循环的植被调控机理,提出了生态恢复的关键技术及其应用模式;理论上探明了人工植被稳定性维持的生态学机理,提出了荒漠系统生态恢复的理论模型;揭示了荒漠生态系统碳、氮循环及其对环境因子的响应;引领了生物土壤结皮的生理生态功能及其水文学研究;拓展了干旱逆境生理生态学的研究。沙坡头站已成为国际沙漠科学与荒漠长期生态学研究的重要平台。