Biological features of Pupu Springs

The flora and fauna of Pupu Springs (40°51'S, 172° 46'E) and five other New Zealand cold springs are described. In Pupu Springs there are 16 species of algae, 10 species of bryophytes (including three species of liverworts), and 5 species of angiosperms. The fauna includes a phreatic form (an eyeless planarian, Dugesia sp.), a possible glacial relict (the caddis fly Rakiura vernale), and cold stenotherms (e.g., the caddis fly Psilochorema tautoru). The most abundant animals in the New Zealand springs are Mollusea, Crustacea, and’ larvae of Plecoptera, Diptera, and Trichoptera.

Pupu Springs consist of five biotopes and associated biocoenoses.     

板桥油田重力流水道沉积特征及其对开发效果的影响

板桥油田位于北大港潜山构造带东北倾没端,该油田沙河街组一段属于典型的重力流水道沉积.在系统的岩心观察基础上,结合400口井的测井曲线特征,将该区重力流水道划分为主水道、分支水道、水道侧翼、水道漫溢以及湖相泥5种微相.总结了各类微相的展布特征.综合动、静态资料,分析了沉积微相对储层物性的控制作用,探讨了不同微相砂体的渗流特征及水驱控制程度.研究认为下一步潜力区应是重力流主水道、分支水道以及水道侧翼砂体分布区,其中重点是重力流分支水道砂体分布区,区内还存在着丰富的剩余油资源.     

吉林东部盆地群早白垩世原型盆地恢复

通过区域地质、电法和地震资料等对吉林东部盆地群早白垩世地层、沉积和构造特征进行研究,从而恢复沉积古地理及原型盆地面貌,结合现今勘探成果与原型盆地控制烃源岩展布,残留盆地改造情况,预测有利勘探区。研究结果表明: 该区早白垩世原型盆地为一大型陆相湖盆的一部分,果松组-鹰嘴砬子组沉积期为初始裂陷孤立盆地发展阶段,林子头组沉积期为断坳转换期,沙河子组- 营城组沉积期为统一的坳陷盆地,至登娄库组沉积期原型盆地完全遭到破坏,泉头组沉积期各盆地进入独立发展阶段。靠近原型盆地湖盆中心的( 扇) 三角洲相、河流相及湖沼相沉积区且位于现今盆地的凹陷区是吉林东部盆地群的有利油气勘探区。     

Coping with floods: preparedness,response and recovery of flood-affected residents in Germany in 2002

Abstract

In August 2002, a severe flood event occurred in Central Europe. In the following year, a poll was performed in Germany in which 1697 private households were randomly selected from three regions: (a) the River Elbe area, (b) the Elbe tributaries in Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt, and (c) the Bavarian Danube catchment. Residents were interviewed about flood characteristics, early warning, damage, recovery, preparedness and previously experienced floods. Preparedness, response, financial losses and recovery differed in the three regions under study. This could be attributed mainly to differences in flood experience and flood impact. Knowledge about self-protection, residents' home-ownership and household size influenced the extent and type of private precautions taken, as well as the residents' ability to perform mitigation measures. To further improve preparedness and response during future flood events, flood warnings should include more information about possible protection measures. In addition, different information leaflets with flood mitigation options for specific groups of people, e.g. tenants, homeowners, elderly people or young families, should be developed.     

Multi-objective optimization for free-phase LNAPL recovery using evolutionary computation algorithms

Abstract

A nonlinear, multi-objective optimization methodology is presented that seeks to maximize free product recovery of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) while minimizing operation cost, by introducing the novel concept of optimal alternating pumping and resting periods. This process allows more oil to flow towards the extraction wells, ensuring maximum free product removal at the end of the remediation period with minimum groundwater extraction. The methodology presented here combines FEHM (Finite Element Heat and Mass transfer code), a multiphase groundwater model that simulates LNAPL transport, with three evolutionary algorithms: the genetic algorithm (GA), the differential evolution (DE) algorithm and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The proposed optimal free-phase recovery strategy was tested using data from a field site, located near Athens, Greece. The PSO and DE solutions were very similar, while that provided by the GA was inferior, although the computation time was roughly the same for all algorithms. One of the most efficient algorithms (PSO) was chosen to approximate the optimal Pareto front, a method that provides multiple options to decision makers. When the optimal strategy is implemented, although a significant amount of LNAPL free product is captured, a spreading of the LNAPL plume occurs.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor L. See

Citation Dokou, Z. and Karatzas, G.P., 2013. Multi-objective optimization for free-phase LNAPL recovery using evolutionary computation algorithms. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (3), 671–685.     

基于下一代四星转轮式编队系统精确和快速反演FSCF地球重力场

第一,由于重力卫星编队轨道的稳定性设计是建立下一代高精度和高空间分辨率地球重力场模型的关键,因此为保证下一代四星转轮式编队系统的稳定性,轨道根数的最优设计如下:(1)轨道半长轴a、轨道偏心率e、轨道倾角i和升交点赤经Ω保持不变;(2)每对卫星的近地点幅角ω和平近点角M分别相差180°;(3)初始近地点辐角ω设置于赤道处,初始平近点角M设计于极点处;(4)卫星编队系统椭圆轨道的半长轴和半短轴之比为2:1. 第二,基于下一代四星转轮式编队系统,利用星间速度插值法,通过相关系数(激光干涉测量系统的星间速度0.85、GPS接收机的轨道位置和轨道速度0.95、星载加速度计的非保守力0.90)、观测时间30天和采样间隔10 s,反演了120阶FSCF-1/2/3/4(Four-Satellite Cartwheel Formation)地球重力场,在120阶处累计大地水准面精度为1.162×10^-4 m,较目前GRACE地球重力场精度至少提高一个数量级. 第三,下一代四星转轮式编队系统具有低轨道高度、高精度测量、全张量观测、弱混频效应和强时变信号的优点.     

A probabilistic approach for the prediction of seismic resilience of bridges

This paper proposes a probabilistic approach for the pre‐event assessment of seismic resilience of bridges, including uncertainties associated with expected damage, restoration process, and rebuilding/rehabilitation costs. A fragility analysis performs the probabilistic evaluation of the level of damage (none, slight, moderate, extensive, and complete) induced on bridges by a seismic event. Then, a probabilistic six‐parameter sinusoidal‐based function describes the bridge functionality over time. Depending on the level of regional seismic hazard, the level of performance that decision makers plan to achieve, the allowable economic impact, and the available budget for post‐event rehabilitation activities, a wide spectrum of scenarios are provided. Possible restoration strategies accounting for the desired level of resilience and direct and indirect costs are investigated by performing a Monte Carlo simulation based on Latin hypercube sampling. Sensitivity analyses show how the recovery parameters affect the resilience assessment and seismic impact. Finally, the proposed approach is applied to an existing highway bridge located along a segment of I‐15, between the cities of Corona and Murrieta, in California. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mapping post-fire forest regeneration and vegetation recovery using a combination of very high spatial resolution and hyperspectral satellite imagery

Careful evaluation of forest regeneration and vegetation recovery after a fire event provides vital information useful in land management. The use of remotely sensed data is considered to be especially suitable for monitoring ecosystem dynamics after fire. The aim of this work was to map post-fire forest regeneration and vegetation recovery on the Mediterranean island of Thasos by using a combination of very high spatial (VHS) resolution (QuickBird) and hyperspectral (EO-1 Hyperion) imagery and by employing object-based image analysis. More specifically, the work focused on (1) the separation and mapping of three major post-fire classes (forest regeneration, other vegetation recovery, unburned vegetation) existing within the fire perimeter, and (2) the differentiation and mapping of the two main forest regeneration classes, namely, Pinus brutia regeneration, and Pinus nigra regeneration. The data used in this study consisted of satellite images and field observations of homogeneous regenerated and revegetated areas. The methodology followed two main steps: a three-level image segmentation, and, a classification of the segmented images. The process resulted in the separation of classes related to the aforementioned objectives. The overall accuracy assessment revealed very promising results (approximately 83.7% overall accuracy, with a Kappa Index of Agreement of 0.79). The achieved accuracy was 8% higher when compared to the results reported in a previous work in which only the EO-1 Hyperion image was employed in order to map the same classes. Some classification confusions involving the classes of P. brutia regeneration and P. nigra regeneration were observed. This could be attributed to the absence of large and dense homogeneous areas of regenerated pine trees in the study area.     

月面巡视探测器立体影像的多核CPU并行快速匹配

月面巡视探测器立体影像的摄影测量处理是获取月面三维信息实现巡视器定位导航的重要手段之一。影像匹配是地面近景摄影测量实现自动化处理的关键,本文研究了基于积分影像的单机多核并行匹配算法,实现了月面巡视器模拟影像的快速匹配。试验表明该方法能显著地缩短匹配时间,达到较高的加速比和效率。