Rotenone treatment has a short-term effect on New Zealand stream macroinvertebrate communities

Invasive fish eradication is a key management strategy in aquatic ecosystems, and is often accomplished using piscicides such as rotenone. However, the effects of piscicides on aquatic invertebrate communities are poorly understood, particularly over long time scales. We monitored invertebrate communities in two treatment and two reference streams prior to and for one year following the use of rotenone to eradicate trout in Zealandia wildlife sanctuary, Wellington. Immediately following treatment, invertebrate density and taxonomic richness declined significantly, and community composition diverged markedly relative to reference streams, with pollution sensitive taxa declining greater than more tolerant taxa. Treatment streams recovered to pre-treatment conditions within 4–12 months of rotenone application, indicating minor long-term impacts on invertebrate communities. Speed of recovery of individual taxa appeared to be associated with life history variables, e.g. generation times and dispersal ability. Untreated upstream reaches and nearby water bodies likely facilitated successful invertebrate community recovery. Our results demonstrate that rapid recovery of New Zealand stream invertebrate communities is possible within one year of rotenone application.     

森林过火区植被遥感参数的变化与恢复特征分析

遥感技术可以快速、准确地监测森林火灾火烧迹地的植被遥感参数变化,分析植被对火灾的响应与恢复特征,为防灾减灾决策提供科学依据。本文首先基于森林火灾前后的Landsat5 TM数据,利用差分归一化燃烧指数（the Differential Normalized Burn Ratio,dNBR）来提取2009年澳大利亚维多利亚州火烧迹地的范围,计算过火区面积及火烧强度;其次基于时间序列的全球地表特征参量（Global Land Surface Satellite,GLASS）产品中的叶面积指数（Leaf Area Index,LAI）、吸收光合有效辐射比例（Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation,FAPAR）数据,利用距平分析法对比不同火烧强度过火区植被与未过火区植被受森林火灾的影响状况与植被恢复特征。结果表明,森林火灾发生后,LAI、FAPAR值迅速降低,火烧强度越大,LAI、FAPAR下降程度越大,高火烧强度过火区的LAI、FAPAR最大降幅分别为中火烧强度、低火烧强度过火区的1.2、1.3倍;随时间推移,LAI、FAPAR值逐渐上升,在2-3年内恢复至未过火区水平。LAI、FAPAR恢复至未过火区平均水平的时间与森林火灾规模、火烧强度密切相关：维多利亚州森林火灾过火区域中大过火斑块、高火烧强度林地的植被遥感参数恢复时间相比小过火斑块、低火烧强度林地滞后1-2年。植被遥感参数LAI、FAPAR能很好地反映过火区植被的受损状况及恢复过程。     

浅海坐底式海洋环境监测系统开发应用及其回收方法研究

首先概述了坐底式海洋环境监测系统的发展历程、结构组成、工作原理和系统功能等。设计开发了一套浅海坐底式海洋环境监测系统,并在北黄海海域进行了长时间应用。对其结构组成特点、原理功能和实际应用情况等进行了详细阐述,并结合一段时间的监测数据,说明其可为海洋科学研究、海水养殖与海洋工程等提供基础数据。对坐底式海洋环境监测系统的布放与回收方法进行介绍,针对近海经常出现无释放器或释放器失灵的坐底式海洋环境监测系统,且潜水员或作业型水下机器人（ROV）不方便下潜系缆的情况,设计了一种实操性强的打捞回收方法。总结归纳了所设计的浅海坐底式海洋环境监测系统特点及回收方法,可为相关应用与研究提供参考借鉴。     

基于CEI测量的GEO目标快速轨道恢复

连线干涉测量(Connected Element Interferometry, CEI)是一种全天时全天候的被动测角技术, 已用于空间目标的跟踪监视. 地球静止轨道(Geostationary Earth Orbit, GEO)卫星需要频繁机动以保持轨位或完成其他任务, 其机动后的快速轨道恢复能力对于监视预警极为重要. 针对基于CEI的GEO短弧定轨和预报, 分析了定轨算法的形亏和数亏, 在附加先验轨道约束的短弧定轨基础上, 提出了轨道半长轴初值的自适应优化方法. 利用亚太七号卫星的CEI仿真和实测数据进行了短弧定轨和预报, 实验结果表明, 采用优化后的半长轴初值, 30min短弧定轨和10min预报的卫星位置分量精度均优于4km, 能够满足非合作GEO目标机动后快速轨道恢复的需求.     

弹性波阻抗反演在稠油热采地震监测中的应用

在稠油热采地震监测中,储层特性的变化主要是通过弹性波参数的变化才最终表现为地层速度和实际地震响应的变化.因此,在一定条件下,弹性波参数应当是储层特定变化最直接和灵敏的标志.本文详细叙述了弹性波阻抗反演的方法,并将其应用于稠油热采地震资料的反演和解释中,结果表明弹性波阻抗反演用于稠油热采地震监测是切实可行的.     

对月球重力场特征的理解

依据克莱门汀号和月球勘探者号月球探测器所获得的数据所建立最新的地球重力模型和地形模型,为人类深入了解月球内部性质及其演化特征,提供新的平台.M.T. Zuber (1994) 和 M. A. Wieczorek (1998) 所建立的月壳全球模型,为利用最新月球着力资料研究月球内部构造和演化,揭示月球上独特的“物质瘤”之成因等科学问题,开凿了先河.本文通过对现有的月球重力和地形数进行分析和计算,提出作者对月球内部物质分布特征的理解和一些认识.从宏观角度看,月球布格重力异常与月球地形起伏是相关的,统计结果表明它们呈弱负相关,从均衡角度来说,在月球停止大规模内部物质运动之前,月球壳幔可能已基本达到均衡;从Mascon深度估算结果来看,一些大型的Mascon基本属于玄武岩浆“充填”型的,少数Mascon可能与月幔柱有关,如东方海Mascon.     

The Case For Renewed Human Exploration Of The Moon

The European Space Agency, ESA, is currently studying 3 high-energy astronomy missions that use the International Space Station (ISS). These are Lobster-ISS, an all-sky imaging X-ray monitor, the Extreme Universe Space Observatory (EUSO) which will study the highest energy cosmic rays by using the Earth's atmosphere as a giant detector and XEUS — the X-ray Evolving Universe Spectroscopy Mission, a potential successor to ESA's XMM-Newton X-ray observatory. These first 2 missions will he attached to the external platforms on the Columbus module, while XEUS will visit the ISS to attach additional X-ray mirrors to enlarge the original 4.5 m diameter mirrors to the 10 m diameter required to observed redshifted iron lines from massive black holes in the early Universe. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Constraints on the frequency–magnitude relation and maximum magnitudes in the UK from observed seismicity and glacio-isostatic recovery rates

Earthquake populations have recently been shown to have many similarities with critical-point phenomena, with fractal scaling of source sizes (energy or seismic moment) corresponding to the observed Gutenberg–Richter (G–R) frequency–magnitude law holding at low magnitudes. At high magnitudes, the form of the distribution depends on the seismic moment release rate M˙ and the maximum magnitude m _max . The G–R law requires a sharp truncation at an absolute maximum magnitude for finite M˙ . In contrast, the gamma distribution has an exponential tail which allows a soft or 'credible' maximum to be determined by negligible contribution to the total seismic moment release. Here we apply both distributions to seismic hazard in the mainland UK and its immediate continental shelf, constrained by a mixture of instrumental, historical and neotectonic data. Tectonic moment release rates for the seismogenic part of the lithosphere are calculated from a flexural-plate model for glacio-isostatic recovery, constrained by vertical deformation rates from tide-gauge and geomorphological data. Earthquake focal mechanisms in the UK show near-vertical strike-slip faulting, with implied directions of maximum compressive stress approximately in the NNW–SSE direction, consistent with the tectonic model. Maximum magnitudes are found to be in the range 6.3–7.5 for the G–R law, or 7.0–8.2 m _L for the gamma distribution, which compare with a maximum observed in the time period of interest of 6.1 m _L . The upper bounds are conservative estimates, based on 100 per cent seismic release of the observed vertical neotectonic deformation. Glacio-isostatic recovery is predominantly an elastic rather than a seismic process, so the true value of m _max is likely to be nearer the lower end of the quoted range.     

Responses of photosynthesis and water relations to rainfall in the desert shrub creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) as influenced by municipal biosolids

Responses of photosynthesis (P_n), stomatal conductance (g_s), pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψ_lp) and leaf water content (ω_l) of creosote bush to 10 rainfall events in the Chihuahuan Desert were investigated. Infiltration of rainwater was manipulated by applying municipal biosolids. The responses of P_nand water relation parameters to rainfall (>10 mm) were mainly dependent upon drought severity: (1) following a moderate drought, P_n, g_s, Ψ_lpand ω_lrecovered to corresponding values of irrigated plants within 2 days after a 23-mm rainfall; (2) Ψ_lpand g_sresponded to a 15-mm rainfall within 2 days, following a 25-day drought, whereas responses of P_nand ω_lwere delayed for several days; (3) responses of P_n, g_s, Ψ_lpand ω_lto a 14·7-mm rainfall were all delayed for several weeks following a 110-day drought, but the delay was longer in P_n, g_sand ω_lthan in Ψ_lp. Creosote bush responded to small rainfall events (approximately 6 to 8 mm) with an increase in Ψ_lp, but without noticeable changes in g_sand P_n, suggesting a strong stomatal control of water loss even though xylem embolism was reduced. Biosolids applied at high rates (3·4 and 9 kgm⁻²) decreased the soil water by 2 to 4 mm following rainfall events, and this in turn delayed and decreased the responses of P_nand water relation parameters to rainfall.P_nand g_swere linearly related to ω_land exponentially related to Ψ_lp. With the generally coincidental responses of P_nor g_sand ω_lto rainfall, we concluded that the responses of P_nand g_sto rainfall were dependent on leaf rehydration which resulted from restored hydraulic conductance following drought.     

Celestial n-Body Coupling in the Lunar Orbit Theory

Making use of the fact that, in the solar system, the angular momentum is carried predominantly by the planets while the mass is beared almost entirely by the Sun, an iterative scheme is devised to solve approximately the n-body contributions of the lunar orbit problem. The scheme envisages the Moon-Earth-Sun three-body subsystem as being nested in the grand Earth-Jupiter-Sun system. In the planetocentric representation, the orbital motion of the Sun about the solar system center of mass is transmitted to the third body via the second primary body in both the grand and nested three-body systems. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.