Wave direction shift triggered severe erosion of beaches in estuaries and bays with limited post-storm recovery

Many estuaries contain sandy beaches that provide habitats and offer protective buffers for wetlands and infrastructure, alongside cultural and recreational resources. Research underpinning coastal management tends to focus on tide- and swell-dominated sandy beaches, but little attention is given to beaches in estuaries and bays (BEBs) that exist along a continuum of wind/swell wave, tide and riverine influence. BEBs are subject to less wave energy than open coast locations because of the generally narrow window of directions for which ocean waves can propagate through the entrance. However, when storm wave direction coincides with the orientation of the estuary or bay entrance, waves can penetrate several kilometres inside. Here we focus on eight BEBs in two major bays/estuaries in Sydney, Australia and present observations from before and after a major extratropical storm with waves from an atypical direction in June 2016. We quantify magnitudes of beach erosion and recovery rates for 3 years post-storm. We show that when high-energy storm waves penetrate bays and estuaries, BEBs can undergo up to 100% of subaerial beach erosion. Three years after the storm, only 5 of the 29 (17%) eroded subaerial beach profiles had recovered to their pre-storm volume. This is likely due to the lack of low-frequency, beach-building waves at BEBs under modal weather conditions in between storms, in contrast to open coast beaches. We also show that the recovery of BEBs may be limited by the absence of adjacent sediment reservoirs due to the dominance of tidal processes mid-channel. Our study highlights the unique behaviour of BEBs relative to beaches on the open coast, and that shifting wave direction needs to be considered in long-term beach resilience under climate change. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震监测气氡仪响应能力实验

对地震氡观测台网“十五”设备SD-3A测氡仪和新入台网的BG2015-R测氡仪进行了氡值响应能力和断电恢复实验,结果表明:当被检测氡仪输入低、高氡浓度气体样本时,达到目标浓度60%和90%的响应时间在10分钟和60分钟以内;当被检测氡仪处于高浓度时,输入空气样本,高浓度降低60%和90%的响应时间在20分钟和120分钟以内;断电对测氡仪日常监测应该没有影响。实验结果对建立地震观测需要的测氡仪性能检测指标具有很好的参考价值。     

地震监测数据容灾备份程序设计与实现

为做好地震监测数据容灾备份,以山西地球物理台网为例,搭建NFS服务器,基于oracle rman技术,通过编写shell脚本程序,实现oracle数据库自动定时远程备份,确保在oracle数据库出现故障时能及时恢复,避免数据丢失。通过在山西地球物理台网进行试用,达到预期效果。     

The dynamics of Chaoborus americanus in an Adirondack lake following the reintroduction of fish

Acid deposition during the 20th century led to the gradual elimination of fish in Brooktrout Lake (Adirondack Mountains, New York State). Thereafter, the lake was colonized by Chaoborus americanus, a dipteran with an aquatic larval stage that typically resides in the pelagic zone in fishless lakes. During subsequent chemical recovery from acidification, the lake was stocked with Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). For seven years following this reintroduction we examined the re-adaptation of the food chain. The C. americanus abundance and distribution was quantified utilizing a combination of hydroacoustics, traditional vertical net tows and Schindler-Patalas trap collections. Hydroacoustic backscattering signals were repeatable and correlated (r = 0.86, p = 0.003) with C. americanus abundance. Backscattering, depth, month and year were used to develop a random forest model that predicted the C. americanus density (r² = 0.67,  p< 0.05). The hydroacoustic signal revealed a clear but limited diurnal vertical migration of C. americanus. The signal continued in the presence of the fish population beginning with reintroduction in 2005 and extending through 2011. In 2012, the hydroacoustic signal no longer was present in the lake, suggesting that the fish had eliminated the C. americanus population, which was verified with net tows. Using novel and traditional survey methods, we demonstrate that the reintroduction of fish can alter the lake community structure significantly through the extirpation of the major component of the pelagic zone.     

Changes of Soil Erosion and Possible Impacts from Ecosystem Recovery in the Three-River Headwaters Region,Qinghai, China from 2000 to 2015

Soil erosion poses a great threat to the sustainability of the ecological environment and the harmonious development of human well-being. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) was used to quantify soil erosion in the Three-River Headwaters region (TRH), Qinghai, China from 2000 to 2015. The possible effects of an ecosystem restoration project on soil erosion were explored against the background of climatic changes in the study area. The model was validated with on-ground observations and showed a satisfactory performance, with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.62 from the linear regression between the estimations and observations. The soil erosion modulus in 2010-2015 increased 6.2%, but decreased 1.2% compared with those in the periods of 2000-2005 and 2005-2010, respectively. Based on the method of overlay analysis, the interannual change of the estimated soil erosion was dominated by climate (about 64%), specifically by precipitation, rather than by vegetation coverage (about 34%). Despite some uncertainties in the model and data, this study quantified the relative contribution of ecological restoration under global climatic change; meanwhile the complexity, labor-intensiveness and long-range character of ecological restoration projects have to be recognized. On-ground observations over the long-term, further parameterization, and data inputs with higher quality are necessary and essential for decreasing the uncertainties in the estimations.     

纳滤法用于铝锂分离的初步研究

本文探讨了纳滤分离Al³⁺和Li⁺的可行性,研究了含盐量和铝锂比对分离效率的影响,提出了从锂云母浸出液中分离回收锂的新方法。实验结果表明,纳滤膜对Al³⁺和Li⁺的截留率随含盐量的升高而降低,其中Li⁺始终呈现负浓度梯度扩散的趋势,而Al³⁺的截留率始终稳定在99%以上。当含盐量为45 g/L时,铝锂分离因子最高可达248.33,膜面相应Zeta电位的绝对值达到最大。随着溶液中铝锂比的变化,Al³⁺和Li⁺的截留率分别在不同铝锂比的条件下出现拐点,溶液的pH呈现先下降后上升最后下降的复杂趋势。本实验研究发现,DK膜能够在酸性环境下实现高效的铝锂分离和锂的浓缩,从而为锂云母浸出液中锂的提取提供新的思路。     

基于预报钟差的轨道快速恢复

我国北斗卫星导航系统由GEO/IGSO/MEO混合星座构成,基本每7~10 d就会有一颗GEO卫星或IGSO卫星进行轨控操作。从卫星轨控开始,卫星存在5~6 h的不健康时期。造成机动卫星长期不健康的关键因素之一在于卫星和测站钟差数据的积累周期较长。本文提出了一种基于预报钟差的轨道快速恢复算法,通过结合星钟和站钟预报压缩机动卫星定轨观测数据积累的时间,从而缩短卫星恢复所需时间。6组机动试验结果表明:采用预报钟差策略在快速恢复初期的前几个小时对轨道预报的贡献尤为显著,对第1组定轨URE预报贡献最大可达84.82%。从3~8 h期间6组定轨平均情况来看,采用优化策略的预报URE,C01平均降低了26.06%,C04平均降低了31.58%,C03降低了9.95%。经测试该方法至少能将卫星不可用时间压缩1 h,对北斗系统建设具有重要工程应用价值。     

Monitoring aboveground forest biomass dynamics over three decades using Landsat time-series and single-date inventory data

Understanding forest biomass dynamics is crucial for carbon and environmental monitoring, especially in the context of climate change. In this study, we propose a robust approach for monitoring aboveground forest biomass (AGB) dynamics by combining Landsat time-series with single-date inventory data. We developed a Random Forest (RF) based kNN model to produce annual maps of AGB from 1988 to 2017 over 7.2 million ha of forests in Victoria, Australia. The model was internally evaluated using a bootstrapping technique. Predictions of AGB and its change were then independently evaluated using multi-temporal Lidar data (2008 and 2016). To understand how natural and anthropogenic processes impact forest AGB, we analysed trends in relation to the history of disturbance and recovery. Specifically, change metrics (e.g., AGB loss and gain, Years to Recovery - Y2R) were calculated at the pixel level to characterise the patterns of AGB change resulting from forest dynamics. The imputation model achieved a RMSE value of 132.9 Mg ha⁻¹ (RMSE% = 46.3%) and R² value of 0.56. Independent assessments of prediction maps in 2008 and 2016 using Lidar-based AGB data achieved relatively high accuracies, with a RMSE of 108.6 Mg ha⁻¹ and 135.9 Mg ha⁻¹ for 2008 and 2016, respectively. Annual validations of AGB maps using un-changed, homogenous Lidar plots suggest that our model is transferable through time (RMSE ranging from 109.65 Mg ha⁻¹ to 112.27 Mg ha⁻¹ and RMSE% ranging from 25.38% to 25.99%). In addition, changes in AGB values associated with forest disturbance and recovery (decrease and increase, respectively) were captured by predicted maps. AGB change metrics indicate that AGB loss and Y2R varied across bioregions and were highly dependent on levels of disturbance severity (i.e., a greater loss and longer recovery time were associated with a higher severity disturbance). On average, high severity fire burnt from 200 Mg ha⁻¹ to 550 Mg ha⁻¹ of AGB and required up to 15 years to recover while clear-fell logging caused a reduction in 250 Mg ha⁻¹ to 600 Mg ha⁻¹ of AGB and required nearly 20 years to recover. In addition, AGB within un-disturbed forests showed statistically significant but monotonic trends, suggesting a mild gradual drop over time across most bioregions. Our methods are designed to support forest managers and researchers in developing forest monitoring systems, especially in developing regions, where only a single date forestry inventory exists.     

历史遗留围填海项目生态保护修复相关思考

2018年国务院印发了《关于加强滨海湿地保护 严格管控围填海的通知》,提出加快处理围填海历史遗留问题,加强海洋生态保护修复,保护滨海湿地生态环境。为了进一步贯彻落实国务院的相关要求,自然资源部会同国家发改委印发相应规范性文件和技术指南,对地方处理围填海历史遗留问题的工作程序和实施细则提出了明确指引。依据目前正在开展的工作,文章重点梳理了在解决历史遗留围填海项目的过程中配套的生态保护修复方案的主要保护修复类型,探讨不用围填海利用类型与生态保护修复工程的适宜性,同时依据不同的海域地理单元分析其与不同生态修复类型的适宜性。文章总结了围填海历史遗留问题解决过程中存在的主要问题,提出了今后工作的建议：①要把握异地修复的原则;②要落实自然恢复为主、人工修复为辅的理念;③要在实施方案的设计中注重增殖放流的科学性研究;④要强化围填海的监督管理和考核机制;⑤针对多年形成的围填海项目,充分考虑现有已形成的生态系统的平衡。