Lunar Subsurface Mineralogy and Density Profile Modelling based on Moon Mineralogy Mapper Observation

The methods of deriving Fe O and Ti O_2 contents from the Clementine spacecraft data were discussed,and an approach was developed to derive the content from the measurements using the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M~3) instrument on Chandrayaan-1.The density of lunar bedrock was then modeled on the basis of the derived Fe O and Ti O_2 abundances.The Fe O and Ti O_2 abundances derived from the M~3 data were compared with the previous results of the Clementine data and were in good agreement.The Fe O abundance data also agreed well with the Lunar Prospector data,which were used as an independent source.The previous Clementine and newly M~3 derived abundances were compared with the laboratory measured Fe O and Ti O_2 contents in the Apollo and Luna returned samples.The Clementine derived Fe O content was systematically 1%–2%lower than the laboratory measurements in all the returned samples.The M~3 derived content agreed well with the returned Apollo samples and was within±2.8%of the laboratory measurements.The Clementine derived Ti O_2abundance was systematically 0.1%–4%higher than the laboratory measurements of the returned samples.The M~3 derived Ti O_2 agreed well (±0.6%) with the laboratory measurements of the returned samples,except for samples with high Ti O_2content.However,these results should be carefully interpreted because the error range requires verification.No error analysis was provided with the previous Clementine derived contents.     

南沙海域盆地群早中新世“挤压隆升幕”及其构造意义

本文依据南沙海域实际地震测线资料,相关证据显示早中新世(T₆₀-T₄₀之间)南沙腹地多盆地发生挤压反转构造,南沙西南部多见挤压褶皱。南沙海域及周边地区在早中新世开始发生全区的挤压隆升和剥蚀,经过局部剥蚀量和构造抬升量定量估算,认为隆升核心区域的九章盆地由于挤压隆升导致的地层剥蚀量大于3 500 m。"早中新世挤压隆升幕"形成一个以郑和隆起为核心的"碟形"剥蚀区,活动时间与西南次海盆的扩张时间一致,西南次海盆的扩张可能是造成隆升幕的重要原因。由于隆升剥蚀前存在深埋,南沙腹地(九章盆地为代表)和南沙北缘(中业、永登盆地为代表)的"浅、薄、小"盆地群的价值不容忽视。     

稠油油藏蒸汽驱中后期剩余油分布特征及提高采收率方式研究

针对中国浅层及中深层稠油油藏,利用数值模拟研究方法,研究了不同稠油油藏的蒸汽驱开发规律和蒸汽驱中后期的剩余油分布特征,明确了稠油油藏蒸汽驱中后期的提高采收率方式。研究结果表明:浅层稠油油藏与中深层稠油油藏蒸汽驱的开发规律基本一致。驱替阶段生产效果好、产量高且稳定、油汽比高、含水率低;蒸汽突破后的开发阶段也是蒸汽驱开发的重要阶段,但是该阶段油汽比明显低于驱替阶段,表明该阶段蒸汽热效率明显降低。不同稠油油藏的剩余油分布特征类似,均表现出明显的垂向动用差异特征,即油层上部动用程度高,剩余油饱和度低,油层下部动用程度低,剩余油饱和度高,下部油层是剩余油挖潜的主要对象。从下到上逐层上返开发和多介质辅助是提高蒸汽驱中后期采收率的有效方式。研究结果对同类油藏开发具有重要意义。     

桩西滩海中生界地层水平井钻井液技术

桩西滩海地区实施全井小循环泥浆不落地工艺,上部地层快速钻进固相控制难度大,东营组泥岩和沙河街油泥岩掉块坍塌严重,中生界水平段钻进润滑防塌要求高,分别采取了针对性的措施。现场试验表明,中上部地层采用氯化钙强抑制钻井液体系,抑制了粘土造浆和钻屑分散,满足了快速钻进阶段小循环泥浆不落地的工程要求;中下部地层采用了低活度强抑制钻井液体系,钻井液活度控制在0.96以下,高温高压滤失量＜12 mL,保证了泥岩地层的井壁稳定;三开水平段应用了油基钻井液回收循环利用工艺,性能优化后的钻井液乳化稳定性好,破乳电压＞460 V,解决了水平井钻进中生界地层摩阻扭矩大、易坍塌等问题。     

松散砂岩取心技术的应用

砂岩取心是迄今为止仍然没有完全解决的钻探技术难题。砂岩的种类很多,但都有共同的特点：结构比较松散,无胶结或少量胶结,遇水膨胀,透水性好。在砂岩中钻探取心,岩心采取率不高,钻孔容易垮塌。为了解决砂岩取心钻探中的技术难题,从钻进工艺技术参数、取心器结构、钻头优化设计、冲洗液配方、钻机配套、岩心烧结卡取以及水压出心等多方面开展研究,总结出了一套砂岩取心技术,应用在实际钻探生产中,取得的各项技术指标完全满足地质要求,为地浸砂岩取心钻探提供了宝贵的经验。     

超声波取样钻机电耦合特性研究

压电驱动的超声波取样钻具有质量轻、能耗低、无回转部件的特点,可以满足地外岩石采样的需求。电能通过压电陶瓷转换为致动器高频振动的机械能,使其在特定频率做超声的共振。这种超声取样钻的机电耦合特征,使超声致动器的设计变得复杂。基于ANSYS环境,研究超声致动器在机电耦合场边界条件下的动力学特性,其耦合场的模态频率、激励响应与单一机械结构场条件得到的结果具有较好的一致性。结果表明,超声致动器把电能转换机械能过程的机电耦合场相互作用是很弱的。因此,采用解耦方法,超声致动器的设计过程将大大简化。     

针对北斗系统的降维快速高精度定向算法

通过分析北斗系统的星座特点及GEO卫星特征,提出了一种针对北斗系统的快速高精度定向方法。该方法利用北斗GEO卫星东西向几何构型好的优势,首先由GEO卫星的观测值结合降维解算理论解算基线向量候选值;然后通过模糊度函数法对候选值进行判决,得到最优基线向量,解出宽巷模糊度;最后在此基础上解算B1模糊度,进行高精度定向。该方法不但可以改善利用北斗定向解算所产生的病态性,而且可以减小模糊度搜索范围,实现单历元整周模糊度快速解算。利用实测北斗星历对算法进行了仿真验证,结果表明在实时动态条件下,该方法解算B1的整周模糊度成功率为99.31%,确定的俯仰角标准差为0.07°,航向角标准差为0.13°,是一种高效快速的定向算法。     

利用线性变换和后方交会的月球车相机标定

针对现有月球车立体相机的标定算法存在的不足,该文提出了一种基于三维直接线性变换(DLT)和多像后方交会对月球车立体相机标定的方法:利用三维DLT算法解算出标定参数的初始值,然后将初值代入多像后方交会算法进行迭代,从而解出相机参数的精确值。最后利用不同类型和焦距值的镜头模拟月球车上安装的三种立体相机开展标定试验,结果表明该方法具有很高的精度和稳定性,能够用于对月球车的立体相机标定。     

老挝北部刀耕火种农业变化及植被恢复效应

基于"3S"技术研究了老挝北部1990-2011年刀耕火种农业时空变化的总体特征及其不同阶段土地利用变化、刀耕火种农业土地利用强度(利用频率、轮歇周期)及其对休耕期次生林自然恢复过程的影响。结果表明:1 1990-2011年,刀耕火种农业总体上呈增加趋势,由15.38万hm2增加到了23.84万hm2,增幅为54.98%;刀耕火种农业的增加主要发生在波乔省南部和琅勃拉邦省,减少主要发生在丰沙里省。2刀耕火种农业主要分布在海拔高度500~1500 m、坡度10°~30°的地区,增加主要发生在海拔高度500~800 m、300~500 m和800~1000 m的地区,以及坡度10°~20°和20°~30°的地区。刀耕火种农业的地类转变方向主要是有林地,转入和转出率均高达80%。3 2000-2011年,老挝北部刀耕火种农业的利用频率约为2~3次,时间间隔1~7年不等;轮歇周期有所缩短,变化幅度不大。4老挝北部刀耕火种农业的休耕期次生林自然恢复状况与轮歇周期关系显著,二者相关系数为0.9698。当轮歇周期长达10年时,次生林能够恢复到该区域有林地NDVI的平均水平。     

Application of the Material Balance Method in Paleoelevation Recovery: A Case Study of the Longmen Mountains Foreland Basin on the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

We applied the material balance principle of the denudation volume and sedimentary flux to study the denudation-accumulation system between the Longmen Mountains(Mts.) and the foreland basin. The amount of sediment in each sedimentation stage of the basin was estimated to obtain the denudation volume,erosion thickness and deposit thickness since the Late Triassic Epoch,to enable us to recover the paleoelevation of the provenance and the sedimentary area. The results show the following:(1) Since the Late Triassic Epoch,the elevation of the surface of the Longmen Mts. has uplifted from 0 m to 2751 m,and the crust of the Longmen Mts. has uplifted by 9.8 km. Approximately 72% of the materials introduced have been denuded from the mountains.(2) It is difficult to recover the paleoelevation of each stage of the Longmen Mts. foreland basin quantitatively by the present-day techniques and data.(3) The formation of the Longmen Mts. foreland basin consisted of three stages of thrust belt tectonic load and three stages of thrust belt erosional unload. During tectonic loading stages(Late Triassic Epoch,Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous,Late Cretaceous–Miocene),the average elevation of Longmen Mts. was lower(approximately 700–1700 m). During erosional unloading stages(Early and Middle Jurassic,Middle Cretaceous and Jiaguan,Late Cenozoic),the average elevation of Longmen Mts. was high at approximately 2000–2800m.