Persistence of road runoff generation in a logged catchment in Peninsular Malaysia

Measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) and diagnostic model simulations show that all types of logging road/trail in the 14·4 ha Bukit Tarek Experimental Catchment 3 (BTEC3) generate substantial Horton overland flow (HOF) during most storms, regardless of design and level of trafficking. Near‐surface K_s(0–0·05 m) on the main logging road, skid trails and newly constructed logging terraces was less than 1, 2 and 34 mm h^?1, respectively. Near‐surface K_s on an abandoned skid trail in an adjacent basin was higher (62 mm h^?1), owing to the development of a thin organic‐rich layer on the running surface over the past 40 years. Saturated hydraulic conductivity measured at 0·25 m below the surface of all roads was not different (all <6 mm h^?1) and corresponded to the K_s of the adjacent hillslope subsoil, as most roads were excavated into the regolith more than 0·5–1 m. After 40 years, only limited recovery in near‐surface K_s occurred on the abandoned skid trail. This road generated HOF after the storage capacity of the upper near‐surface layer was exceeded during events larger than about 20 mm. Thus, excavation into low‐K_s substrate had a greater influence on the persistence of surface runoff production than did surface compaction by machinery during construction and subsequent use during logging operations. Overland flow on BTEC3 roads was also augmented by the interception of shallow subsurface flow traveling along the soil–saprolite/bedrock interface and return flow emerging from the cutbank through shallow biogenic pipes. The most feasible strategy for reducing long‐term road‐related impacts in BTEC3 is limiting the depth of excavation and designing a more efficient road network, including minimizing the length and connectivity of roads and skid trails. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

月壤厚度的研究方法与进展

月壤厚度的研究对未来月球探测、登月与月球资源开发均具有十分重要的意义。它是恢复月球起源和演化历史的重要参数,也是估算月球3He资源量的必要前提。本文将月壤厚度的研究方法归纳为直接和间接两类,直接方法主要是利用月震数据对月壤厚度进行推算,间接方法包括基于撞击坑形态、分布以及地基雷达遥感数据估算月壤厚度两种。随着定量微波遥感的发展,结合我国嫦娥探月工程的实施,利用高分辨率被动微波遥感亮温反演月壤厚度为月壤厚度的研究指出一个新的方向。     

An Analysis of U.S. and World Oil Production Patterns Using Hubbert-Style Curves

A quantitative analytical method, using a spreadsheet, has been developed that allows the determination of values of the three parameters that characterize the Hubbert-style Gaussian error curve that best fits the conventional oil production data both for the U.S. and the world. The three parameters are the total area under the Gaussian, which represents the estimated ultimate (oil) recovery (EUR), the date of the maximum of the curve, and the half-width of the curve. The best fit is determined by adjusting the values of the three parameters to minimize the root mean square deviation (RMSD) between the data and the Gaussian. The sensitivity of the fit to changes in values of the parameters is indicated by an exploration of the rate at which the RMSD increases as values of the three parameters are varied from the values that give the best fit. The results of the analysis are as follows: (1) the size of the U.S. EUR of oil is suggested to be 0.222 × 10¹² barrels (0.222 trillion bbl) of which approximately three-fourths appears to have been produced through 1995; (2) if the world EUR is 2.0 × 10¹² bbl (2.0 trillion bbl), a little less than half of this oil has been produced through 1995, and the maximum of world oil production is indicated to be in 2004; (3) each increase of one billion barrels in the size of the world EUR beyond the value of 2.0 × 10¹² bbl can be expected to result in a delay of approximately 5.5 days in the date of maximum production; (4) alternate production scenarios are presented for world EURs of 3.0 and 4.0 × 10¹² bbl.     

用GRACE星间速度恢复地球重力场

本文首先给出了用星间速度恢复地球重力场的数学模型,然后用GRACE卫星30天的星间速度观测值计算了一个100阶的地球重力场模型DQM2006S2。为了对这一模型的精度进行评述,将它与EGM 96,EIGEN-CHAMP03S和GGM01S3个地球重力场模型作了比较,并用这一模型计算了高程异常与GPS/水准实际观测值进行了比较,结果表明:DQM2006S2模型精度优于EGM 96和EIGEN-CHAMP03S模型精度,但是不及GGM01S模型精度。精度不及GGM01S的原因是GGM01S模型使用了111天的星间速度数据,其数据量约为DQM2006S2模型使用数据量的4倍。     

苏州马环连接线强风化安山玢岩地质勘察钻探技术

强风化岩体裂隙节理发育,风化程度不均,岩石强度软弱不均,为提高钻进效率,改常规的复合片钻头为孕镶金刚石钻头,使钻进时以研磨岩石方式改为切削岩石方式;为提高岩心采取率,保护取心钻具内强风化岩心及防止钻具内岩心段间相互研磨,改单管钻具为单动双管钻具,采用相对优质泥浆进行护壁,预防钻进及提下钻时的卡钻。     

河流阶地样品中石英纯化和宇宙核素~(10)Be和~(26)Al分离方法研究

经历反复埋藏暴露演化过程的河流阶地样品,难以用常规方法将原生宇宙核素10Be、26Al有效分离。本文在前人实验方法基础上,使用人工挑选、磁选仪分选及酸洗方法,分离样品中碳酸盐、含铁矿物及大气生成的10Be,进一步优化了石英提纯实验流程。结果表明:长度为9 cm、内径为1 cm的阴离子交换树脂装置匹配4 mol/L氢氟酸淋滤液,可将B、Mg、Ca、Cr、Fe、Mn、Ni、Ti和Be、Al有效分离,Be、Al回收率分别可达95.7%、85.7%。阳离子交换树脂能有效分离Be、Al,两元素回收率均达到85%。获得10Be/9Be和26Al/27Al流程空白分别为2.19×10-15和1.63×10-15。优化后的实验方法显著提高了河流阶地样品中原生宇宙核素10Be、26Al的纯化效率,且10Be/9Be和26Al/27Al流程空白数值与国内外实验室具有可比性。采用本方法获得了成都平原冲积物10Be、26Al暴露年龄分别是76.36±9.51 ka和69.44±14.13 ka,为评价龙门山前缘隐伏断裂构造特征和活动性提供了年代学依据。     

应用于月壤取样钻具的激光选区熔化研究综述

综述了月球钻探取样钻具的发展现状,金属三维点阵的轻量化以及激光选区熔化制造技术的基本方法和优势。基于激光选区熔化制备技术提出了将三维空间点阵结构应用于月球钻探取样钻具的轻量化,讨论了点阵结构的钻具对于月球钻进过程的适应性并展望了轻量化月球取样钻具方面的发展趋势。分析认为,利用激光选区熔化技术制备的三维点阵结构在月壤取样钻具方面具有很大的应用潜力。     

松辽盆地南部油气田钻井取心关键技术

为有效解决松辽盆地南部油气田储集层取心钻头选型困难、机械钻速低和岩心收获率不稳定等难题,在分析取心井段地质特征、XRD元素组分占比、地层可钻性的基础上,开展了取心筒和岩心爪比选、取心钻头选型和个性化取心钻头的研制,同时优选取心钻具组合和优化取心参数,完善不同储集层取心工艺技术配套。比选后的取心工具配合新型取心钻头在多口井的取心实践中,取得了平均岩心收获率>98.98%、最高机械钻速达到6.03 m/h的效果。系列取心钻头优选和配套关键技术的应用解决了目前松辽盆地南部储集层取心的技术难题,可为后续取心提供可靠的参考和技术支持。     

湖南永顺永页2井破碎地层取心问题分析与处理对策

为了解决湖南永顺区块钻遇复杂破碎地层所出现的岩心采取率不足的问题,本文在永页2井的基础上,调查了勘查区的地质构造特征,根据不同地层的取心岩样分析了地层特性。在严格按照钻孔设计及质量要求的前提下,在各个阶段采取了不同的冲洗液,做到无垮塌、无漏失。面对破碎地层岩心采取率不足,研制和使用了一种囊袋多节捆绑式绳索取心钻具,利用其独特的囊袋结构,配以超前侧喷钻头,能够保护岩心免受冲洗液冲刷。结果显示：后续的钻进过程中,井深在1055.76~1108.96 m,岩心采取率由原来的最低79%,提高至90%以上,岩心得到了较好的保护。上述方法能够有效地解决破碎地层出现的岩心采取率不足问题,并能为后续的工作和类似工程提供保障和借鉴。     

月球极区冻结模拟月壤物理力学特性研究

近年来越来越多的探测结果表明,月球极区永久阴影区月壤中存在水冰。水是人类赖以生存的化学物质,也是理解月球独特的形成与演化过程的关键环节。因此,各航天大国均将月球极区作为探月工程的重要目标。冻结月壤的导热系数和单轴抗压强度是月球极区原位探测取样的基础和关键参数。本研究采用低温试验研究了冻结模拟月壤的导热系数和单轴抗压强度。结果表明：冻结模拟月壤导热系数随含水率增大而线性增大,冻结模拟月壤的导热系数为0.2~1.3 W?m^-1?K^-1。冻结模拟月壤单轴压缩过程中发生脆性破坏,5%含水率冻结模拟月壤单轴抗压强度约为5 MPa,10%含水率冻结模拟月壤单轴抗压强度约为13 MPa。在初始加载阶段,干密度相同、含水率不同的冻结模拟月壤试样因微裂纹压密导致的应变量基本相同;在线弹性阶段,冻结模拟月壤有效弹性模量随含水率增大而增大,其主要原因是含水率增大使得月壤颗粒间的冻结强度增大;在破坏阶段,含水率较高的冻结模拟月壤表现出脆性破坏特征,含水率较低的冻结模拟月壤表现出更显著的塑性特征。研究结果将为月球永久阴影区水冰探测方案制定、探测器研制等提供基础的科学数据支撑。