河西走廊干旱荒漠区盐碱化土地修复与调控研究--以石羊河灌区为例

近年来，由于自然因素和人为因素的共同作用，石羊河灌区盐碱化土地面积逐年增加，盐碱化程度不断加深，严重影响到该区国民经济、社会和生态环境的可持续发展。文章分析了造成石羊河灌区盐碱化的自然因素和人为因素．认为自然因素主要是：①．气候干旱，降水稀少，蒸发量强烈；②．水资源量逐年减少；③．地势上位于我国现代地形的第二阶梯，为内陆河流；④．地下水质矿化度高。人为因素是：①．过度开荒，灌区大量超采地下水；②．植被大量减少，加剧了土地盐碱化；③．灌溉技术落后，有灌无排。同时从四个方面探索建立了科学合理的石羊河灌区盐碱化土地综合调控措施：①．水资源合理配置；②．以水盐平衡理论为指导，调控地上水位和盐分的时空分布；③．加强以节水灌溉为核心的灌区配套建设，推广节水防盐的灌水技术；④．扩大牧草种植，逐步实现农业三元结构。     

集群绝灭与生物复苏研究进展

近年来，科学家们开始把研究重点从生物绝灭转移到大绝灭后生态系的复苏上。本文简要介绍了目前国际上对集群绝来－残存－复苏过程的研究宗旨和研究方法，截止１９９４年底在显生宙各大绝灭与复苏事件研究上所得的主要进展及取得的一些有意义的成果和认识。     

Lunar and solar barometric tides at Rarotonga,Cook Islands

Lunar and solar atmospheric tidal oscillations have been determined with reasonable accuracy from a ten-year record of hourly mercury-barometer readings, corrected to mean-sea-level, at Rarotonga (Cook Islands), 21.2°S. For the lunar semidiurnal tide, the annual determination shows an amplitude (56 b) slightly lower and a phase (51°) much smaller than the values (58 b, 72°) that would be derived, for the position of Rarotonga, from the spherical harmonic analysis given byHaurwitz andCowley (1969). The seasonal variation of this oscillation, as given by the monthly and J, E, D values, shows most of the characteristic features found in world-wide determinations. In particular, the near equality of the J, D amplitudes at Rarotonga tends to support theHaurwitz andCowley (1969) suggestion of negative J-D values in southern middle latitudes. For the solar tides, the semidiurnal and terdiurnal oscillations at Rarotonga are similar to those found at other stations in the south-west Pacific region. However, for the diurnal oscillation, the annual amplitude (232 b) is only about half the value (465 b) indicated for the position of Rarotonga by the world maps of theS ₁(p) annual harmonic coefficients given byHaurwitz (1965). It thus seems likely that the relatively small area of lowS ₁(p) annual amplitude in the eastern part of the south Pacific, as indicated by these maps, is much more extensive than formerly supposed.     

Determination of three-dimensional in situ stresses from anelastic strain recovery measurement of cores at great depth

In order to examine whether the anelastic strain recovery (ASR) method can be applied for determining the in situ stress in hard rocks at great depths, the anelastic strain recovery of oriented cores was measured in six independent directions. The core specimens were taken from four depths within the range of about 2400–4500 m MD at the METI Niitsu well in Japan; the rock materials were mudstone, dolerite, basalt and andesite. For all the rocks the expansional anelastic strains were obtained, the magnitude of the strains in various directions continuously measured for 1 or 2 weeks was of the order of 1000 × 10^− 6 in mudstone; in contrast, strains of the other cores did not exceed a few hundred microstrains. These strains were used for a three-dimensional analysis of the principal in situ stresses. At the third depth, the principal stress directions were considered to be affected by fractures pre-existing near the core, and showed the features of a very local stress state. With the exception of this data, the directions determined by the ASR method were in agreement with those determined using other in situ measurement methods. Based on two assumptions, i.e., (i) the rock stress in vertical direction is equal to density-related gravitational overburden stress, (ii) the ratio of anelastic strain recovery compliance of shear deformation mode and the compliance of volumetric deformation mode is equal to 2, the values of the three principal stresses were estimated. The values of the minimum principal stress in the plane perpendicular to the well axis determined in this study were in agreement with those determined based on extended leak-off tests (ELOT or XLOT) conducted at the same well. Therefore, it can be said that the ASR method is well suited for use in directly determining the directions of principal in situ stresses in three dimensions and in estimating the magnitude of the stresses in isotropic rocks at great depths, such as those encountered when drilling deep into a submarine seismogenic zone.     

陆相薄互层稠油油藏热采时移地震监测互均衡处理效果分析

陆相储层稠油热采时移地震监测数据开展的互均衡处理结果表明,此项处理有利于有效时移地震异常的识别与热前缘位置的准确确定。当原始采集资料的一致性极差时,互均衡处理虽然可以改善资料的一致性,因此,提高野外采集震源子波和采集资料的一致性,是陆相薄互层油藏时移地震监测顺利实施的关键。振幅属性是陆相薄储层油藏时移地震监测的主要标志之一,笔者在振幅处理方面做了一些探索,取得一定效果。     

岩溶土壤的生态地球化学特征及其指示意义——以贵州贞丰—关岭岩溶石山地区为例

岩溶石山地区土壤退化与恢复的成因和机理一直是近年来土壤学和生态学研究的热点。以贵州西南部贞丰—关岭岩溶石山区为对象，选择了区内退化地、农用地、恢复地等生态样块以及与未退化地为对照，采集了其中的表层和亚表层土壤，分别进行了土壤的养分库量、微生物活性与功能和土壤酶活性等化学分析。研究表明土壤养分库是土壤中微生物活性基础，微生物量碳随土壤养分库容的退化或恢复而相应变化，退化岩溶地植被恢复3~6年后，主要养分总库容得到明显恢复(恢复程度55%~65%)，因而带动了微生物量碳的恢复（平均恢复程度60%以上），但养分的活性（有效磷）、微生物的功能（呼吸熵及土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性）并没有得到相应程度的恢复（平均恢复程度仅在25%~40%）。这些结果提示，限制性养分活性和微生物功能的恢复是植被恢复下生态系统健康水平的重要指示。因此，在分析岩溶土壤和生态系统退化过程的本质以及评价生态恢复的效应时，不仅应将微生物量碳和总养分库指标作为岩溶土壤退化恢复的指标，更应将微生物区系的质量和功能指标纳入关键评价内容。      

我国进行激光测月的研究

概述了全球激光测月的现状,分析了其困难和改进方法及我国开展激光测月的意义,提出了对我国开展激光测月工作的建议。     

Differential recovery from the effects of a 100-year storm: Significance of long-term hillslope–channel coupling; Howgill Fells, northwest England

A 100-year storm that occurred in 1982 caused major geomorphic changes in the main valleys of the northern Howgill Fells, northwest England. Those changes, which were documented at that time, involved extensive hillslope gully erosion, alluvial fan sedimentation, and substantial sediment input to the stream systems. The streams channels, which had hitherto been dominantly single-thread, relatively stable channels, responded in many reaches by switching to wide shallow unstable locally braided channels. Over the 20 years since the event there has been a partial recovery to channel geometries similar to the pre-flood conditions, however the degree of recovery contrasts between two neighbouring valleys, Bowderdale and Langdale. The channel of Bowderdale Beck has largely recovered. Flood sedimentation zones have largely stabilised and new single-thread channels have cut through most of the former braided reaches. In some places channel widths remain higher than the pre-flood values, and locally recovery has been modified by a lagged complex response. In Langdale, recovery is only partial with many reaches demonstrating sustained instability over the 20-year post-flood period. Furthermore, the overall spatial patterns suggest some reach-to-reach transfer of coarse sediment, shifting zones of instability downstream. The contrasts between the two valleys appear to relate to different hillslope-to-channel coupling characteristics, themselves inherited from late Pleistocene conditions. These contrasts are also evident in the longer-term (post-1949) history of channel change and stability in these two streams, indicative of the higher intrinsic instability of the Langdale system.