Well blowout rates and consequences in California Oil and Gas District 4 from 1991 to 2005: implications for geological storage of carbon dioxide

Well blowout rates in oil fields undergoing thermally enhanced recovery (via steam injection) in California Oil and Gas District 4 from 1991 to 2005 were on the order of 1 per 1,000 well construction operations, 1 per 10,000 active wells per year, and 1 per 100,000 shut-in/idle and plugged/abandoned wells per year. This allows some initial inferences about leakage of CO₂ via wells, which is considered perhaps the greatest leakage risk for geological storage of CO₂. During the study period, 9% of the oil produced in the United States was from District 4, and 59% of this production was via thermally enhanced recovery. There was only one possible blowout from an unknown or poorly located well, despite over a century of well drilling and production activities in the district. The blowout rate declined dramatically during the study period, most likely as a result of increasing experience, improved technology, and/or changes in safety culture. If so, this decline indicates the blowout rate in CO₂-storage fields can be significantly minimized both initially and with increasing experience over time. Comparable studies should be conducted in other areas. These studies would be particularly valuable in regions with CO₂-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and natural gas storage. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Quantification of the chemical composition of lunar soil in terms of its reflectance spectra by PCA and SVM

In the second phase of the Chang’E Program an unmanned lunar rover will be launched onto the Moon. When ground scientists get a full understanding of the chemical composition of lunar soil around the rover, they can make more detailed survey plans for the rover and various payloads onboard so as to satisfy their scientific objectives. There is an obvious relationship between the reflectance of lunar soil and its chemical characteristics. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) models were applied to establishing the relationship between the reflectance spectra and chemical compositions of lunar highland and mare soil samples sent back by Apollo missions 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17 and measured by Lunar Soil Characterization Consortium (LSCC). PCA was used to reduce and select the features of the reflectance spectra of lunar soil samples. Then, these features were put into SVM to estimate the abundances of various chemical components in lunar soil. We also compared the results of our measurement with those obtained by the SVM model [partial least squares (PLS)] and the principal component regression (PCR) model reported in literature. Our studies showed that with the exception of TiO₂, the results of prediction of the abundances of chemical compounds in lunar soil by our model are much more reliable than those reported in literature. The reflectance spectra of lunar soil are closely related to the materials from which it was derived.     

利用钻孔确定采空区垮落带和导水裂隙带高度

通过对刘桥二矿452采区钻孔资料中的各项测试结果进行分析,探讨采空区煤层覆岩破坏情况,用钻孔确定垮落带及导水裂隙带的高度。     

四川拉拉铜矿床尾矿的综合利用与研究

拉拉铜矿是四川最大的铜矿床,该矿床含有铜、钴、钼、铁、金、银以及多种稀土元素。在分析拉拉铜矿有用组分赋存状态及综合利用情况基础上,对不同期次的尾矿所含有用组分做了具体的分析,根据尾矿的特点和目前拉拉铜矿对尾矿的利用现状,提出了若干适合拉拉铜矿尾矿处理的方法,为矿山的持续发展提供了有力保障。     

利用地热资源进行热水驱油的技术研究

中国油田以注水开发为主,目前其平均采收率在33%左右。笔者研究认为,制约注水开发的一个重要因素是注入水温度明显低于油层温度,由此引发一系列问题,诸如注入水温度低造成油层温度持续下降,增大了原油黏度。长期剧烈的温差导致储层孔喉胶结物及骨架矿物破碎,加剧了大孔道窜流。笔者针对目前注入水温度过低对油田开发效果的不利影响,提出了一些建设性意见,诸如尽可能选择污水回注,前提是水质达标。主要是考虑到采出的地层水矿化度比较高,与油层配伍性比较好,有利于获得较高的驱油效率。同时减少污水治理和外排压力,更有利于环保和清洁生产。尽可能提高注入水的温度,缩小注入水与油层的温度差距,如果采用高于油层温度的热水驱油最为理想。由于注入水流程比较长,受地面环境温度影响较大,基于夏季注入水温度大大高于冬季注入水温度,能否考虑采取不对称注水方式,即夏季注采比高一些,冬季低一些。同时尽量缩短注水流程长度,尽可能减少沿途热损失。尽可能少注水。在满足油田地层能量补充的前提下,尽最大可能减少注水量,同时减少管外窜槽井治理、平面大孔道井治理、只注不采井治理和特高含水且高液量井治理,减少无效注水。本文围绕提高注入水温度,着重讨论地热、太阳能辅助采油构想。...     

武都水库坝基抗滑稳定研究钻探取心工艺

为了配合武都水库技施阶段坝基抗滑稳定的进一步研究,查明坝基岩体中的断层破碎带、层间错动带以及缓倾角裂隙较发育等软弱结构面的特征,在钻进中采用清水金刚石钻探工艺,配以SDB双级单动半合式内管金刚石钻具,使岩心采取率基本达到了100％,取出了原状结构的岩样,为坝基的抗滑稳定研究提供了可靠的依据。     

月壤钛铁矿微波烧结制备月球基地结构材料的初步设想

月球基地建设是当前"重返月球"的一个重要目标,为满足其建设需要大量结构材料.部分学者通过对真实月壤样品和模拟月壤进行各种高温烧结实验,分析了就地利用月壤矿物资源制备各种材料的方法.但由于月壤成分较为复杂,烧结产物的性能还很难满足实际需求.微波烧结技术作为一项新技术,具有传统烧结技术无法比拟的优势,更适合作为月球资源利用中的烧结加热技术.结合月壤中钛铁矿的含量,通过热力学分析,作者认为利用钛铁矿进行微波烧结实验来制备月球基地所需结构材料是一个值得深入研究的方案.     

新型双管取心钻具及其在软土地层中的应用

宁波河姆渡—田螺山遗址科学钻探要求采取无扰动原状土样,由于宁波地区特殊的地层岩性,采用传统的厚壁取土器及薄壁取土器均难以达到试验要求。为此,研发了新型双管取心钻具,同时改进泥浆工艺。应用证明提高了岩心采取率,大幅减少对原状土扰动,取得高质量岩土样;新型双管取心钻具,采用PVC内管和单向阀、大出水口钻头和高出刃切削片,具有高效、高性价比和操作性强等优点。     

面向移动端月球形貌展示的快速三维地图平台搭建

受限于移动设备运算能力和三维地图数据网络传输速度,如何在快速移动端流畅地显示月球三维地图,展示月球形貌细节,还是一个难点。为解决这一问题,本文首先考察已有的移动端三维地图实现方法,在此基础上研究了一种基于前后台异步渲染策略的三维月球地图实现方案;基于嫦娥月球数据,构建了一个月球三维形貌地图原型系统,并成功应用于移动端的嫦娥月球三维形貌数据发布。     

两种常用染色剂管道及淤泥条件下示踪及对比——以丁旗地下河连通试验为例

通过对丁旗地下河同一投放点同时开展二元示踪试验,探讨了当前被忽略的不同示踪剂应用对比及回收率合理性等问题。在淤泥沉积的地下河管道及流量和浊度稳定条件下,得出主要结论:(1)荧光素钠、罗丹明B回收率分别为53.91%和40.72%,前者比后者少损失13.19%;其中荧光素钠在主峰和缓慢衰减段排出量分别占85.03%和14.97%,罗丹明B则对应为65.88%、34.12%;(2) 荧光素钠对应峰值的回收强度为罗丹明B的2.95倍且最大峰值出现时间比后者提前2 h;(3) 罗丹明B由于吸附等形成的浓度曲线对管道结构分析有可能产生误导,荧光素钠则相对更准确。