碎石土斜坡水平受荷桩承载特性研究

斜坡上的桩基础的承载性能是复杂多变的。对于四川西部山地地形较广泛,且地基覆盖层多为特有的碎石土地层来说,水平受荷桩的相关研究还较少。为了研究碎石土地基斜坡上单桩基础的水平承载特性及桩土间的相互作用,通过现场水平静载荷试验在坡度为0°、15°、30°、45°的条件下,探讨桩身变形、桩身弯矩、土压力的变化。运用FLAC3D有限元分析软件得出水平荷载作用下,碎石土斜坡不同坡度的桩基础与桩周土之间的应力云图、位移云图的变化特点。将数值模拟结果与现场试验结果进行了对比,提出了单桩水平临界荷载和极限荷载在不同坡度区间内取值时的折减系数,为实际工程提供一定的参考。     

大直径超长灌注桩水平承载性能的参数敏感性

大直径超长灌注桩是高规格建（构）筑物桩基工程的发展趋势,但有关其水平承载性能的研究还较少。依托江苏靖江文化中心大直径超长灌注桩建设项目,通过现场试桩试验获得了桩身水平受力及承载变形特征。采用孔压静力触探（CPTU）测试p-y曲线法构建了大直径超长灌注桩水平承载数值计算模型,在与现场试桩结果比对验证之后,进一步研究了桩径尺寸效应、桩顶嵌固形式、桩身倾角、竖向载荷对大直径超长灌注桩的影响规律。最后通过计算各影响因素的参数敏感度,实现了对大直径超长灌注桩水平承载性能参数敏感性的客观定量评价。研究结果表明：原位测试CPTU可以很好地应用于大直径超长灌注桩的水平承载分析,大直径超长灌注桩参数敏感度由大到小依次为：桩顶嵌固形式、尺寸效应、竖向荷载、桩身倾角。     

南海北部和海南岛附近海域表层沉积物中有机质的分布和降解状态的差异

利用气相色谱法对南海北部和海南岛附近海域表层沉积物中正构烷烃(n-alkanes)和脂肪酸进行测定和分析,结合粒径、比表面积(specific surface area,SSA)、有机碳(OC%)、碳稳定同位素(δ~(13)C)等参数研究有机物来源和降解状态,并对其影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明:沉积物主要以粉砂为主,平均粒径分布范围在10.97—517.21μm之间,选取的16个站位的比表面积平均值为8.05m~2/g,最大值是S23站位的24.46m~2/g,最小值是S29站位的1.73m~2/g,OC%含量在0.15—1.18之间,δ~(13)C值为–23.05‰—–21.24‰。沉积物中正构烷烃碳链的分布范围是nC_(14)—nC_(33),低碳数峰群以nC_(16)、nC_(18)为主峰碳且具有偶碳数优势,高碳数峰群以nC_(29)为主峰碳。脂肪酸的碳数分布范围是nC_(14)—nC_(30),低碳数单峰型分布,短链饱和脂肪酸(short chain saturated fatty acids,SCSFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acids,MUFA)的含量占总脂肪酸含量的70%以上,长链饱和脂肪酸(long chain saturated fatty acids,LCSFA)的含量不到10%,据此说明这两个区域有机质均以海源输入为主。在有机物保存和降解方面,海南岛附近海域有机质载荷(OC/SSA)和δ~(13)C之间的正相关,表现了良好的陆源和海源的有机物更替,但是珠江口附近海域系列样品却未见相似过程。不仅在物源更替方面,在有机质降解特征上珠江口附近海域中的有机物与海南岛附近海域和南海陆架深水区也有很大的差别。海南岛附近海域和南海陆架深水区有机质的降解符合一般规律,随着水深的增加降解程度逐渐变大,然而珠江口附近海域随着水深的增加有机质却越来越"新鲜"。结合前人对珠江口附近海域黏土矿物组成的研究,本文认为珠江口附近海域沉积物中有机质之所以会出现上述"异常"可能是因为该研究区域黏土矿物对有机质选择性吸附所导致。     

基于223Ra和224Ra的桑沟湾海底地下水排放通量

海底地下水排放（SGD）是陆地向海洋输送水量和营养物质的重要通道之一,对沿海物质通量及其生物地球化学循环有重要的影响,对生态环境起着不可忽视的作用。本文运用天然放射性同位素223Ra和224Ra示踪估算了我国北方典型养殖基地桑沟湾的海底地下水排放通量。结果表明,海底地下水样尤其是间隙水中Ra活度[224Ra=（968±31）dpm/（100 L）,223Ra=（31.4±4.9）dpm/（100 L）,n=9]远高于表层海水[224Ra=（38.7±2.0）dpm/（100 L）,223Ra=（1.70±0.50）dpm/（100 L）, n=21]。假设稳态条件下,考虑Ra的各源、汇项,利用Ra平衡模型,估算出桑沟湾SGD排放通量为（0.23~1.03）×107 m3/d。潮周期内的观测结果显示,涨潮时,水力梯度较小,SGD排放变弱,落潮时,水力梯度较大,导致了相对较多的SGD排放。在一个潮周期间,基于223Ra和224Ra得到的SGD排放通量平均为0.39×107 m3/d。潮汐动力下的SGD排放平均占总SGD排放的61%,因此桑沟湾沿岸的地下水排放主要受潮汐动力的影响,并对海水组成及海陆间物质交换有显著贡献。     

Experimental investigation of the vertical pullout cyclic response of bucket foundations in sand

A series of 1 g model tests was conducted to investigate the accumulated vertical pullout displacement and unloading stiffness of bucket foundations embedded in dry and saturated sands. The foundations were subjected to vertical pullout cyclic loading with different load amplitudes. Cyclic load was applied up to 10⁴ cycles. Test results showed that the accumulated vertical pullout displacement increased with the increase in the number of load cycles and cyclic load amplitudes. The unloading stiffness of the bucket foundations decreased with the increase in load amplitude and number of cycles. Empirical equations were proposed based on the test results to evaluate the accumulated vertical pullout displacement and unloading stiffness of the bucket foundations in saturated sand. These equations can be used for the preliminary design of single or tripod bucket foundations.     

Evaluation of pullout load capacity of suction caissons in sand using a three-dimensional displacement approach

An investigation was conducted to obtain analytical solutions for the pullout behavior of a suction caisson undergoing inclined loads in sand. The inclined load is transformed into an equivalent load system in which the vertical, horizontal, and moment loads are applied on the center of the lid of the suction caisson. The vertical and lateral stiffness coefficients along the skirt of the suction caisson in sands are presented using the new three-dimensional elastic solutions taking into account the nonhomogeneous and nonlinear properties of the sand. The vertical, lateral, and rocking stiffness coefficients on the base of the suction caisson are presented considering the solutions of a hollow rigid cylindrical punch acting on the surface of a soil. The yield, pullout, and failure for sands with the nonhomogeneous and nonlinear characteristics are taken into consideration. The effects of the load inclination, the loading depth, and the aspect ratio on the pullout load capacity of the suction caisson are presented. Behaviour of the suction caisson in sand prior to failure is clarified from the relationship between tensile load, displacement, and rotation and that between depth, vertical pressure, and lateral pressure.     

基于南海定点观测数据的强风场特性研究

为了满足我国海洋工程抗风设计需求,在南海某海洋平台定点开展了原型测量工作。通过对海面上82 m和29 m两处开展实测工作,获得了冬季寒潮和超强台风"尤特"影响下的风场现场实测数据。利用非平稳过程分析方法对两类强风过程的脉动风分量、湍流强度、阵风因子、湍流积分尺度和脉动风谱等风场特性进行了分析。验证了脉动风分布的高斯性,给出了湍流强度与阵风因子的非线性拟合参数,分析了不同高度处风场特性剖面变化规律,证明了脉动风实测谱与Von Karman经验谱的良好拟合关系。     

Influence of Ecological Technology Measures on the Annual Sediment Load of the Wuding River

The influence of ecological technology measures on the annual sediment loads of rivers complies with the principles of statistics. In this paper, the annual sediment load of the Wuding River is taken as the dependent variable and the rainfall, rainstorms during the flood period of the Wuding River and areas of ecological technology measures are taken as the independent variables to analyze the influence of ecological technology measures on the annual sediment load of the Wuding River during the years 1956 to 2007. This research uses a stepwise regression method. The result shows that 1) the non-linear regression equation composed of three independent variables including 7-8 monthly rainfalls along the Wuding River, areas of ecological technology measures and maximum daily rainfall along the Wuding River has been calculated and set up; the correlation coefficient is R²=0.857 and the significance level is α=0.001. 2) R²=0.717 is adjusted and the regression equation reveals a change of annual sediment load exceeding 71.7% over 52 years; 3) The standardized regression coefficient for ecological technology measure area has the maximum absolute value of the three independent variables shows maximum influence on the change of annual sediment load; and 4) Because of implementing the ecological technology measures, until to year of 2007, when the 7-8 monthly rainfall and maximum daily rainfall are the maximum values in the research section, the annual sediment load is calculated as 149million ton, which is 36% of the maximum value in the history.     

陕西省子午岭生态功能区水源涵养能力研究

应用InVEST模型和SCS模型,计算得出研究区多年平均水源涵养量约为3×108 m3,涵养深度69.79 mm,表明研究区具有比较突出的水源涵养服务功能,特别是在森林和灌丛分布相对集中的子午岭自然保护区内,水源涵养能力处于较高水平。不同土地利用类型的水源涵养能力有较大差别。由于灌丛具有较好的降水截留能力和较小的蒸腾作用,水源涵养能力最强;而森林由于蒸腾旺盛,加之冠层截留的大部分降水用于蒸发而无法积累,使其水源涵养能力稍低于灌丛;草地和农田覆盖地区,降水极易流失,因而草地和农田的水源涵养能力较差,对区域总水源涵养量的贡献也最小。此外,研究区多年平均产水深度139.4 mm,整体趋势是从东南向西北方向减小,与区域降水量空间变化趋势一致,在土地利用类型的影响下,这一趋势更加明显;多年平均径流深度71.1 mm,空间上大致由南向北减少,同时,由于径流深度还受到降水时间分配、土地利用类型、土壤质地的影响,因此呈现出较为复杂的空间分布特征。     

一种基于植被指数-地表温度特征空间的蒸散指数

利用遥感获取的植被指数和地表温度信息,进行地表能量和水分平衡过程研究是目前陆表过程研究的前沿。根据地表能量和水分平衡原理,对地表温度(Ts)、植被指数(VI),地表蒸散发(ET)之间的空间关系进行了分析,并基于假设条件,构建了温度植被蒸散指数(TVETI)。为验证TVETI表征地表蒸散的能力,利用环境卫星数据和SEBAL模型,对SEBAL模型中各能量通量构建的蒸散指数与TVETI进行线性回归分析,从2012年4~9月6个不同日期的确定性系数分别为:0.838、0.935、0.912、0.921、0.926、0.825, TVETI能很好的表征地表蒸散能力。通过对SEBAL模型估算的ET和TVETI估算的ET进行交叉验证发现,两者大小一致性显著, TVETI可以实现区域尺度地表蒸散发的快速估算。