加载速度对岩样全部变形特征的影响

利用编制的计算平面应变压缩岩样轴向、侧向、体积应变及泊松比的FISH函数,采用FLAC模拟了加载速度对剪切带图案及岩样全部变形特征的影响。在峰前及峰后,本构模型分别取为线弹性及莫尔-库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型。加载速度较低及适中时,岩样发生单剪切破坏,剪切带倾角及宽度不受加载速度影响,应力-轴向应变曲线及应力与侧向应变曲线软化段的斜率不依赖于加载速度;高加载速度使岩样发生X型剪切破坏,两种曲线软化段较平缓;在相同的轴向应变时,高加载速度使剪切带长度降低。随着加载速度的增加,岩样失稳破坏的前兆越来越明显,当加载速度较高时,前兆反而不明显,这是由于应力存在较大的波动,导致不正确地估计了应力峰值所对应的轴向应变。在应变软化阶段,高加载速度使侧向应变与轴向应变曲线、泊松比与轴向应变曲线及体积应变与轴向应变曲线变平缓,也使体积应变与轴向应变曲线的峰值及对应的轴向应变增加。     

湘西北复杂构造区破碎地层绳索取心钻进技术难点及优化

以湘西北复杂构造区湘慈地1井为例,针对钻进过程中遇到的岩心采取率低以及卡钻埋钻等钻进难点,通过采用无泵反循环超前侧喷绳索取心钻具以及优化钻井液体系的方法,有效地提高了该钻井工程中的岩心采取率;该新型钻具能够在孔底形成局部反循环,并且结合钻具内部防堵锥网以及超前侧喷钻头的设计能够有效地提高破碎地层中的岩心采取率;通过在钻井实践中应用,该钻具在岩心破碎井段的采取率达到了94.4%,取得了良好的应用效果。     

北秦岭造山带核部杂岩侧向变质带的变质作用研究

野外调研及室内分析表明，秦岭杂岩中存在侧向变质分带．并曾发生侧向物质流动，侧向变质分带于晚加里东期冻结，侧向展市的硅线石－白云母带和硅线石－钾长石带的形成温压条件分别为５７９～５８４℃和５１７～５４３ＭＰａ及６８５～７２４℃和５３５～６２７ＭＰａ，晚加里东期秦岭杂岩的侧向物质流动导致了侧向变质带的形成。     

高喷插芯组合桩水平承载特性大尺寸模型试验研究

高喷插芯组合桩（简称JPP桩）是一种适用于软土地基的新型组合桩,能有效提高桩的竖向承载力,并取得了相当规模的应用。为了研究其水平承载特性,利用河海大学岩土所自行研制开发的大型模型槽试验进行水平承载桩静载作用下的大尺寸模型试验。通过与普通圆截面灌注桩、加承台JPP桩的水平承载性能的对比,试验表明,JPP桩水平承载力较普通圆截面灌注桩提高了15%,桩身最大弯矩处在桩顶以下大约2 m处,桩侧土压力主要集中在上部2 m范围内土体。同时,试验表明加了承台后,JPP桩的水平承载能力有了大幅度的提高。利用规范推荐的基于m法的灌注桩水平承载力公式,对JPP的水平承载力进行了计算,结果与试验值基本吻合。其结果可以为类似土层下水平受荷JPP桩的设计与研究提供参考。     

水平荷载下纵截面异形桩承载特性试验

针对纵截面异形桩（扩底桩和楔形桩）、等混凝土用量常规等直径桩的水平向承载特性进行对比模型试验研究,测得不同水平荷载等级下扩底桩和楔形桩的内力、变形、极限承载力和桩侧土压力分布等变化规律特性;初步探讨3种桩型的水平极限承载特性和桩侧土压力分布规律。考虑纵向截面异形效应,基于水平土抗力与水平位移（p-y）曲线法建立纵截面异形桩水平向承载特性理论计算方法,进一步分析弯矩分布规律,并开展影响因素分析。研究结果表明,在当前试验条件下,等混凝土用量楔形桩的水平向承载力比等直径桩的高,砂性土和黏性土中楔形桩水平向极限承载力约分别为等直径桩的1.25倍和1.33倍。相关研究成果可为今后类似土层下水平受荷纵截面异形桩的设计与计算提供参考依据。     

Numerical studies on lateral load response of fin piles

In the recent past, in order to cater lateral loads, provision of fins to monopiles is evolving as an option for enhancing their lateral load capacity. Numerical and experimental studies pertaining to fin piles subjected to lateral loading are very limited. It is very difficult to understand the behaviour of fin piles through conventional soil pile theories, due to their different fin configurations. In the present study, three-dimensional finite element analyses were performed on regular piles (pile without fins) as well as fin piles. For fin piles, different fin lengths, orientation and position were considered during the analyses. The results have shown that fins placed at the top portion of the piles are more effective than fins placed at bottom of the pile. In all cases, fin piles exhibited more lateral load-carrying capacity compared to regular piles. When fin’s length is less than half of the pile length, lateral load-carrying capacity of fin piles is same irrespective of their orientation. However, fin’s orientation is significant, when fin length is more than 0.5 times length of piles, star fin piles exhibit more lateral load-carrying capacity compared to diagonal and straight fin piles. Fin piles experienced less bending moment compared to regular piles for a given lateral load. Further, it was also noticed that lateral load-carrying capacity of the fin piles depend upon fins’ length and their orientation.     

风浪场波生横向彻体切应力的分析

使用风浪经验公式和风浪传入近岸的小振幅波动理论计算并分析了地转条件下波生横向彻体切应力随风速、风区、水深等因素的变化规律。结果表明，彻体切应力随风速、风区的增大而增大，直到波浪达到完全成长状态，但增长速度并不规则；为更加直观的显示彻体切应力的海流驱动作用，将其与定常Ekman漂流中的风生湍粘性力进行了有意义的比较，结果表明，在中、高纬度的通常海况下两者具有相同量级，因此，在有波浪场存在的条件下，由风、浪共生海流的总体强度将比理论Ekman漂流大，并且不会完全符合Ekman漂流理论的转向规律，在表层尤其明显。由此说明，在一定情况下在风生漂流研究中考虑由地转引起的波生横向彻体切应力是非常必要的。     

论区域气候模式与全球模式嵌套时边界区的选择

做了3个试验,第一个试验只用大气环流模式(GCM),主要考察GCM的性能并确定其误差的区域分布.后两个为对比试验,一个试验中,将区域气候模式(RCM)(NjU-RCM)的侧边界放在全球模式(L9R15)中我们感兴趣的区域,未考虑侧边界区GCM的误差大小,另一个试验中,RCM的侧边界位置根据GCM预报误差的空间分布选取,使其落在GCM预报误差较小的区域.3个试验都对1998年5、6、7月份中国区域的降水过程进行了模拟和比较.结果表明:单独使用GCM的效果最差;当用GCM-RCM嵌套模式对区域气候进行预测时,GCM侧边界值的误差对RCM的模拟结果有显著的影响,嵌套侧边界若选择在GCM系统性误差较小的地区,模拟或预测效果会有明显的改进.     

A low‐dimensional model of bedrock weathering and lateral flow coevolution in hillslopes: 2. Controls on weathering and permeability profiles,drainage hydraulics,and solute export pathways

The advance of a chemical weathering front into the bedrock of a hillslope is often limited by the rate weathering products that can be carried away, maintaining chemical disequilibrium. If the weathering front is within the saturated zone, groundwater flow downslope may affect the rate of transport and weathering—however, weathering also modifies the rock permeability and the subsurface potential gradient that drives lateral groundwater flow. This feedback may help explain why there tends to be neither “runaway weathering” to great depth nor exposed bedrock covering much of the earth and may provide a mechanism for weathering front advance to keep pace with incision of adjacent streams into bedrock. This is the second of a two‐part paper exploring the coevolution of bedrock weathering and lateral flow in hillslopes using a simple low‐dimensional model based on hydraulic groundwater theory. Here, we show how a simplified kinetic model of 1‐D rock weathering can be extended to consider lateral flow in a 2‐D hillslope. Exact and approximate analytical solutions for the location and thickness of weathering within the hillslope are obtained for a number of cases. A location for the weathering front can be found such that lateral flow is able to export weathering products at the rate required to keep pace with stream incision at steady state. Three pathways of solute export are identified: “diffusing up,” where solutes diffuse up and away from the weathering front into the laterally flowing aquifer; “draining down,” where solutes are advected primarily downward into the unweathered bedrock; and “draining along,” where solutes travel laterally within the weathering zone. For each pathway, a different subsurface topography and overall relief of unweathered bedrock within the hillslope is needed to remove solutes at steady state. The relief each pathway requires depends on the rate of stream incision raised to a different power, such that at a given incision rate, one pathway requires minimal relief and, therefore, likely determines the steady‐state hillslope profile.     

断层纵向输导与储层非均质性耦合控运模拟实验研究

在物理模拟实验的基础上探讨了断层输导能力与储层非均质性对油沿断层垂向运移和侧向分流的控制机理与模式。研究结果表明,断层输导能力与储层非均质性对油运移的控制本质上表现为“物性”（断层与储层渗透率比值）与“动力”对油垂向运移和侧向分流的耦合控制作用。两者对油的运移和纵向分布的耦合控制作用可概括为强输导能力断层-反韵律储层控运、弱输导能力断层-反韵律储层控运和强输导能力断层-正韵律储层控运3种模式。第一种模式中,油沿断层垂向运移的过程中不易侧向分流,油主要富集在直接位于区域性盖层之下的储层中;第二种模式中,油沿断层垂向运移的过程中较易侧向分流,油在纵向上各储层中均有一定的富集;第三种模式中,油沿断层垂向运移的过程中极易侧向分流,油大多富集在下部物性最好的储层中。