长江南京段近20年来河槽演变及其对人类活动的响应

利用 1998年和2013年历史水下地形数据,结合2015年和2016年多波束测深、流速与河床沉积物数据,探讨了南京段河槽演变对人类活动的响应规律。结果表明：① 1998~2013年南京河段整体呈现冲刷状态,净冲刷量为0.56亿 m³。② 南京段主河槽发育有平床和沙波等微地貌,两侧发育有水下陡坡。其中,平床和小尺度沙波区域平均流速为0.79 m/s,而巨型沙波区域平均流速为1.41 m/s。③ 人类活动对该河段的水下微地貌演变与河势演变起到至关重要的作用。由于三峡大坝等人类活动的影响,上游来沙量仍将持续低于多年平均值,南京段河槽会进一步冲刷并极可能给涉水工程安全带来威胁。     

基于北斗高精度定位的车道级导航系统

随着我国营运车辆越来越多,各类交通事故时有发生,给人民群众生命财产带来了巨大损失。其原因是多方面的,其中营运车辆驾驶人员不遵守道路交通安全法的违法行为（如超速、随意变道、长时间占用超车道、应急车道、随意停车等）,是导致高速公路事故发生的重要因素。基于这种现象和原因,本文研究和实现了基于北斗卫星导航系统的高精度定位车道级导航系统,以加强对营运车辆驾驶行为的管控,解决交通执法难题,提高管理效率。     

多源点云数据融合的建筑物精细化建模

三维建模技术能够实现建筑物的数字化存档,在古建筑保护与修复和现代建筑规划与改造中具有不可替代的作用。针对倾斜摄影测量和三维激光扫描建模技术中建筑物模型存在的问题,本文提出了一种倾斜摄影测量和三维激光扫描生成三维点云模型相融合的建筑物精细化建模方法。选用无人机和三维激光扫描仪作为试验设备,利用ContextCapture、SCENE软件完成点云拼接、生产和编辑,通过ICP算法完成点云精细匹配,实现多源点云数据融合建模;对比单一建模方法模型,从纹理结构和模型精度两方面对融合建模模型进行质量评价。结果表明,融合建模模型纹理清晰,几何结构完整,模型距离中误差和高差中误差的均值均低于倾斜摄影测量模型的值,接近三维激光扫描模型。     

Trimble TX8三维激光扫描仪在山地面积计量中的应用

基于复杂山地面积计量的应用需要,本文采用Trimble TX8三维激光扫描仪进行架站扫描测量,采用复杂环境下多架站的方法,对近10万m²的山地地形进行扫描拼接,并利用Realworks后期处理软件进行三维建模分析,得出较为清晰、直观、准确的三维建模图形,得到面积计算的系列报表,为三维激光扫描仪在地形测绘面积计量方面的应用拓展提供了实例。     

三维激光扫描技术在建筑物顶梁中心线提取方法研究

近年来,三维激光扫描技术由于其具有非接触性、精度和测量效率高等特点,在测绘领域广泛使用。建筑物顶梁由于在建筑顶部,传统的测量手段难以采集到其精确的三维数据。本文以某厂房为例,使用三维激光扫描技术采集顶梁数据,内业处理获取顶梁中心线坐标,对于建筑物顶梁测绘具有一定的实际指导意义。     

A method for vertical adjustment of digital aerial photogrammetry data by using a high-quality digital terrain model

The accuracy of vertical position information can be degraded by various sources of error in digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) based point clouds. To address this issue, we propose a relatively straightforward method for automated correction of such point clouds. This method can be used in conjunction with any 3D reconstruction method in which a point cloud is generated from a pair of aerial images. The crux of the method involves separately co-registering each DAP point cloud (formed by the overlap of two or more images) to a common airborne laser scanning (ALS) based digital terrain model. The proposed method has the following essential steps: (1) Ground surface patches are identified in the normalized DAP point clouds by selecting areas in which standard deviation of vertical height is low, (2) height differences between the DAP and ALS point clouds are calculated at these patches, and (3) a correction surface is interpolated from these height differences and is then used to rectify the entire DAP point cloud. The performance of the proposed method is verified using plot data (n = 250) from a forested study area in Eastern Finland. We observed that DAP data from the area corrected using our proposed method resulted in significant increases in prediction accuracy of key forest variables. Specifically, the root mean squared error (RMSE) values for dominant height predictions decreased by up to 23.2%, while the associated model R² values increased by 16.9%. As for stem volume, RMSEs dropped by 20.6%, while the model R² improved by 14.6%, respectively. Hence, prediction accuracies were almost as good as with ALS data. The results suggest that vertically misaligned DAP data, if rectified using an algorithm such as the one presented here, could deliver near ALS data quality at a fraction of the cost.     

Mapping individual trees with airborne laser scanning data in an European lowland forest using a self-calibration algorithm

Traditional field-based forest inventories tend to be expensive, time-consuming, and cover only a limited area of a forested region. Remote sensing (RS), especially airborne laser scanning (ALS) has opened new possibilities for operational forest inventories, particularly at the single-tree level, and in the prediction of single-tree characteristics. Throughout the world, forests have varying characteristics that necessitate the development of modern, effective, and versatile tools for ALS data processing. To address this need, we aimed to develop a tool for individual tree detection (ITD) utilising a self-calibrating algorithm procedure and to verify its accuracy using the complicated forest structure of near natural forests in the temperate zone.This study was carried out in the Polish part of the Białowieża Forest (BF). The airborne laser scanner (ALS) and color-infrared (CIR) datasets were acquired for more than 60 000 ha. Field-based measurements were performed to provide reference data at the single tree level. We introduced a novel ITD method that is self-calibrated and uses a hierarchical analyses of the canopy height model.There were more than 20 000 000 of trees in first layer in BF above 7 m height. Trees visible from above were divided into coniferous, deciduous and mixed trees that were then matched with an accuracy of 85 %, 85 % and 75 %, respectively. Compared to existing methods, the proposed method is more flexible and achieves better results, especially for deciduous species. Before application of the presented method to other regions, the calibration based on the developed optimisation procedure is needed.     

地面三维激光扫描仪测量精度的评价分析

针对地面三维激光扫描仪用于城市轨道交通变形监测的精度评价,本文研究了三维激光扫描仪本身、外界环境和被扫描目标3个误差源,对三维激光扫描仪的测距和测角精度进行了评定,并通过试验分析了三维激光扫描技术用于轨道交通变形监测可行性。     

激光点云在地铁盾构隧道病害诊断中的应用

移动式三维激光扫描技术在地铁盾构隧道安全监测工作中应用较为成熟。本文以地铁盾构隧道监测点云数据为基础进行研究,实现了地铁盾构隧道病害智能诊断。首先通过激光点云生成灰度图像;在此基础上运用卷积神经网络CNN,对地铁盾构隧道中的渗漏水和裂缝的识别技术进行了深入研究;最终生成隧道病害智能诊断系统,为地铁安全运营提供了智能监测方法,有效提高了我国地铁运营监测的技术水准。     

基于三维激光扫描点云的逆向建模

本文使用三维激光扫描仪对北京观音堂燃气场站进行扫描,通过对扫描点云的拼接、去噪、抽稀、裁剪,然后使用Revit和Design X两种软件对场站进行逆向建模,分别建立了观音堂场站模型,再使用Geomagic Control软件定量分析两种软件建立模型的精度,并对比分析这两种软件建模的优劣,为以后在燃气管理系统中应用提供指导。