高精度时间间隔测量技术与方法

时间间隔测量技术,尤其是高精度的时间间隔测量技术意义重大。不论是电信通讯、芯片设计等工程实践,还是原子物理、天文观测实验等理论研究,以及激光测距、卫星定位等航天军事技术,都离不开高精度的时间间隔测量技术。经过几十年的研究,目前已经有多种测量方法。在阐明插值原理之后,依次介绍了直接计数法、扩展法、时间幅度转换法、游标法、抽头延迟线法和差分延迟线法等主要方法。然后对影响测量的几个因素,包括非线性和不定态作了讨论。针对这些不良影响,还探讨了一些提高精度和稳定度的方法,比如非线性校正、PLL(Phase Lock Loop)和DLL (Delay Lock Loop)技术。最后,对时间间隔测量技术的前景作了展望。     

[Ti ii] and [Ni ii] emission from the strontium filament of η Carinae

We study the nature of the [Ti  ii ] and [Ni  ii ] emission from the so-called strontium filament found in the ejecta of η Carinae. To this purpose, we employ multilevel models of the Ti  ii and Ni  ii systems, which are used to investigate the physical condition of the filament and the excitation mechanisms of the observed lines. For the Ti  ii ion, for which no atomic data were previously available, we carry out ab initio calculations of radiative transition rates and electron impact excitation rate coefficients. It is found that the observed spectrum is consistent with the lines being excited in a mostly neutral region with an electron density of the order of 10⁷ cm⁻³ and a temperature around 6000 K. In analysing three observations with different slit orientations recorded between 2000 March and 2001 November, we find line ratios that change among various observations, in a way consistent with changes of up to an order of magnitude in the strength of the continuum radiation field. These changes result from different samplings of the extended filament due to the different slit orientations used for each observation, and yield clues on the spatial extent and optical depth of the filament. The observed emission indicates a large Ti/Ni abundance ratio relative to solar abundances. It is suggested that the observed high Ti/Ni ratio in gas is caused by dust–gas fractionation processes and does not reflect the absolute Ti/Ni ratio in the ejecta of η Carinae. We study the condensation chemistry of Ti, Ni and Fe within the filament and suggest that the observed gas phase overabundance of Ti is likely the result of selective photoevaporation of Ti-bearing grains. Some mechanisms for such a scenario are proposed.     

Three-dimensional Distribution of the Escape Photons of Hα Flares

A technique for obtaining a three-dimensional distribution of received pho- tons in Hα flares in the solar atmosphere is presented.It is well known that during flares hydrogen atoms in the chromosphere and photosphere are excited(even ion- ized)by the downward heating of non-thermal particles and then emit Hα photons. We trace back these Ha photons to their original layers by use of the contribution func- tion in the theory of spectral line formation,and so acquire their three-dimensional (3D)distribution.This technique is applied to the two-ribbon flare of 2002 January 20.The atmospheric models are obtained by fitting the“quasi-profiles”with the help of the generally used model atmospheres.Since the variety of the 3D images reflects the response of the atmospheric layers to the impact of energy transport,an analysis of the development of the flare is given through a comparison of the 3D images with the 2D temperature distribution.     

黄土路基客运专线沉降监测技术研究

客运专线路基作为轨道结构的基础,其沉降监测及工后沉降预测非常关键。必须对沉降观测资料进行分析以预测工后沉降、确定无碴轨道铺设时间。本文以西宝客运专线为例对黄土路基工程沉降监测工作进行了论述。     

基于线平衡点的时空演化分析

时空演化分析是时空数据挖掘和知识发现的研究热点之一。为实现定量表达线要素地理属性的时空演化特征,在力矩平衡原理的基础上,提出一种基于线平衡点的时空演化分析定量表达方法。该方法将地理属性力矩定义为线要素上各点地理属性值与该点到平衡点的线上距离的向量乘积,然后利用物理学力矩平衡计算公式求得力矩平衡点的位置。当不同时刻各点的地理属性值发生变化时,平衡点位置亦随之不断移动,进而利用平衡点与均质平衡点的偏移向量以及相邻时刻之间平衡点的转移向量,定量地表达线要素地理属性的时空演化特征。最后,通过实验验证了该方法的可行性以及有效性。     

基于地图色域特征的色域映射算法研究

分析了地图色彩跨媒介传递出现偏色现象的原因。对地图色域特征进行了研究,提出了一种基于地图色域特征的地图种类划分方法,并指出针对每类地图设计相应色域映射算法的重要性。设计了一种面向线型设色地图的色域映射算法,该算法引入Sigmoidal型函数对地图进行明度压缩,对其色域点拟合出一条直线,把直线与明度轴交点作为映射中心点进行色域压缩。将该算法与ICC绝对色度意图映射法和SGCK算法进行对比,结果表明该方法较好于前两者并能够很好保持地图的整体色貌及颜色对比度,可以提高地图跨媒介色彩再现效果。     

Reconstruction and Regional Significance of the Coire Breac Palaeoglacier,Glen Esk,Eastern Grampian Highlands,Scotland

We present a glaciological and climatic reconstruction of a former glacier in Coire Breac, an isolated cirque within the Eastern Grampian plateau of Scotland, 5 km from the Highland edge. Published glacier reconstructions of presumed Younger Dryas‐age glaciers in this area show that equilibrium line altitudes decreased steeply towards the east coast, implying a arctic maritime glacial environment. Extrapolation of the ELA trend surface implies that glaciers should have existed in suitable locations on the plateau, a landscape little modified by glaciation. In Coire Breac, a 0.35 km² cirque glacier existed with an equilibrium line altitude of 487 ± 15 m above present sea level. The equilibrium line altitude matches closely the extrapolated regional equilibrium line altitude trend surface for Younger Dryas Stadial glaciers. The mean glacier thickness of 24 m gives an ice volume of 7.8 × 10⁶ m³, and a maximum basal shear stress of c. 100 kPa^?1. Ablation gradient was c. –0.0055 m m^?1, with a mean July temperature at the equilibrium line altitude of c. 5.1°C. The reconstruction implies an arctic maritime climate of low precipitation with local accumulation enhanced by blown snow, which may explain the absence of other contemporary glaciers nearby. Reconstructed ice flow lines show zones of flow concentration around the lower ice margin which help to explain the distribution of depositional facies associated with a former debris cover which may have delayed eventual glacier retreat. No moraines in the area have been dated, so palaeoclimatic interpretations remain provisional, and a pre‐Lateglacial Interstadial age cannot be ruled out.