中国北方新生代大陆变形及其动力学机制分析

大陆变形研究是大陆动力学的基本内容之一,对断裂构造及盆山演化进行研究是认识与了解大陆变形最直接有效的途径。中生代晚期—新生代,中国北方受到印度板块向北俯冲、太平洋板块向西运动与西伯利亚板块阻挡所导致的复杂构造动力系统的长期作用,地壳变形复杂,是研究大陆变形理想的天然实验室。本文在详细野外构造解析基础上,结合遥感与数字地貌技术、地震反射资料解释以及低温热年代学方法,通过对中国北方新生代断裂作用和山脉隆升历史研究,理清了断裂发育序次、断裂作用与构造应力场的对应关系,掌握了现今构造地貌格局东西差异的成因,并探讨了大陆变形的动力学机制。古新世—早始新世,中国北方普遍发育一组NNE向的断裂构造,该组断裂并非全区均匀发育,东部断裂规模较大,地貌特征明显,向西规模逐渐变小。NNE向断裂具有左行走滑的运动学特征,大致对应NW-SE向挤压应力场,推测NNE向左行走滑断裂的发育与新生代早期太平洋板块NNW向运动有关。NNE向断裂发育之后,东部渤海湾周边发育了NE向右行、NW向左行共轭走滑断裂,大致对应近EW向挤压应力场。西准噶尔地区发育了NE向左行、NW向右行走滑断裂,大致对应近NS向挤压应力场。东、西部的NE、NW向断裂都叠加在NNE向断裂之上,改造和破坏了早期NNE向断裂。本文推测东部后期断裂的发育与43~42 Ma太平洋板块运动由NNW转变为WNW向有关,而西部NE、NW向断裂发育与印度-欧亚大陆碰撞远程效应有关。随着印度板块持续北向运动并发生顺时针旋转,西部地区保持NNE向挤压应力场,发育了一系列NW、NNW向断裂。东部地区依然呈现近EW向挤压应力场。受到新生代以来各组断裂构造的影响,中国北方山脉和盆地呈现出线状与面状结合的网格状特征。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄统计显示,东部地区普遍经历了古新世—早始新世(66~42 Ma)的隆升-剥露,该期构造事件为现今东部地区构造地貌格局的形成奠定了基础。与东部地区不同,西部地区则存在8~6 Ma等时面,且8~6 Ma整体隆升-剥露为西部地区现今构造地貌格局的形成做出了主要的贡献。     

利用遥感瞬时温度场研究云南山地气温直减率

基于MODIS影像反演地表瞬时温度场和气象站点30年平均气温实测数据,结合数字高程模型,研究了云南山地气温随海拔变化的规律。结果表明,降低或消除了坡向与坡度、纬度与经度变化的影响后,在云南全区域尺度上,海拔对气温作用而产生的气温直减率为0.53℃;在典型山地地貌类型区,山地气温直减率由高山区向低山区逐渐增大,滇西北高山区直减率为0.47℃,滇中、滇东中山区为0.51℃,滇南宽谷低山区为0.54℃,滇西北高山峡谷和滇南低山深切沟谷地带为0.54℃;由阳坡、半阴半阳坡至阴坡,山地气温直减率依次增大:阳坡直减率平均为0.52℃,半阴半阳坡平均为0.54℃,阴坡平均为0.55℃。除海拔之外,坡向、坡度等微地形因子亦是微格局气温场的主要地理响应因子。利用遥感数据反演的瞬时温度场研究山地气温直减率,是一种研究山地气温变化规律的新方法。     

Comparison of geomorphological field mapping and 2D‐InSAR mapping of periglacial landscape activity at Nordnesfjellet,northern Norway

The ability to continuously monitor the dynamic response of periglacial landforms in a climate change context is of increasing scientific interest. Satellite radar interferometry provides information on surface displacement that can be related to periglacial processes. Here we present a comparison of two‐dimensional (2D) surface displacement rates and geomorphological mapping at periglacial landform and sediment scale from the mountain Nordnesfjellet in northern Norway. Hence, 2D Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) results stem from a 2009–2014 TerraSAR‐X dataset from ascending and descending orbits, decomposed into horizontal displacement vectors along an east–west plane, vertical displacement vectors and combined displacement velocity. Geomorphological mapping was carried out on aerial imagery and validated in the field. This detailed landform and sediment type mapping revealed an altitudinal distribution dominated by, weathered bedrock blockfields, surrounded primarily by slightly, to non‐vegetated solifluction landforms at the mountain tops. Below, an active rockslide and associated rockfall deposits are located on the steep east‐facing side of the study area, whereas glacial sediments dominate on the gentler western side. We show that 2D InSAR correctly depicts displacement rates that can be associated with typical deformation patterns for flat‐lying or inclined landforms, within and below the regional permafrost limit, for both wet and dry areas. A net lowering of the entire landscape caused by general denudation of the periglacial landforms and sediments is here quantified for the first time using radar remote sensing. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

松嫩沙地沙漠化的气候因素与沙地发育特征

松嫩沙地位于欧亚大陆中纬度巨型沙带的东部边缘，也是我国沙漠化土地的东缘。其独特的气候条件使沙地的形成与发展、风沙地貌形态及风沙活动规律都具有明显的区域特色。通过对气候因素及其控制下沙地发育的分析，可以进一步认识该沙地形成演化及现代沙漠化的若干区域性特征     

五台山冰缘地貌植物群落多样性分析

采用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN),将五台山7个冰缘地貌的植物群落划分为13个群丛.不同冰缘地貌植物群落类型的组成多样性有明显差异,根据13个群丛在不同冰缘地貌的分布状况,可区分为共有性群丛和专有性群丛.运用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对五台山7个冰缘地貌的综合群落多样性指数变化进行了分析,依据不同冰缘地貌植物群落综合多样性指数的大小排序,依次为冻融草丘石海石环冻融剥蚀面石河岩柱泥流坡坎和泥流舌.冰缘地貌的海拔、土层厚度、水分热量是影响植物群落植物种多样性指数变化的主要因素.     

The Grayling Fingers region of Michigan: soils, sedimentology, stratigraphy and geomorphic development

This paper provides data on the landforms, soils, and sediments within a unique northern Michigan landscape known as the Grayling Fingers, and evaluates these data to develop various scenarios for the geomorphic development of this region. Composed of several large, flat-topped ridges that trend N–S, the physiography of the “Fingers” resembles a hand. Previously interpreted as “remnant moraines”, the Grayling Fingers are actually a Pleistocene constructional landscape that was later deeply incised by glacial meltwater. The sediments that comprise the Fingers form a generally planar assemblage, with thick (>100 m), sandy glacial outwash forming the lowest unit. Above the outwash are several meters of till that is remarkably similar in texture to the outwash below; thus, the region is best described as an incised ground moraine. Finally, a thin silty “cap” is preserved on the flattest, most stable uplands. This sediment package and the physiography of the Fingers are suggestive of geomorphic processes not previously envisioned for Michigan.Although precise dates are lacking, we nonetheless present possible sequences of geomorphic/sedimentologic processes for the Fingers. This area was probably a topographic high prior to the advance of marine isotope stage 2 (Woodfordian) ice. Much of the glacial outwash in the Fingers is probably associated with a stagnant, early Woodfordian ice margin, implying that this interlobate area remained ice-free and ice-marginal for long periods during stage 2. Woodfordian ice eventually covered the region and deposited 5–10 m of sandy basal till over the proglacial outwash plain. Small stream valleys on the outwash surface were palimpsested onto the till surface as the ice retreated, as kettle chains and as dry, upland valleys. The larger of these valleys were so deeply incised by meltwater that they formed the large, through-flowing Finger valleys. The silt cap that occupies stable uplands was probably imported into the region, while still glaciated. The Fingers region, a col on the ice surface, could have acted as a collection basin for silts brought in as loess or in superglacial meltwater. This sediment was let down as the ice melted and preserved only on certain geomorphically stable and fluvially isolated locations. This study demonstrates that the impact of Woodfordian ice in this region was mostly erosional, and suggests that Mississippi Valley loess may have indirectly impacted this region.     

察尔汗盐湖雅丹地貌沉积物粒度特征研究

对雅丹地貌沉积物的研究可以判别雅丹地貌沉积物形成的沉积环境。主要采用了粒度分析方法对察尔汗盐湖雅丹地貌的沉积物进行分析研究。结果表明:①形成雅丹地貌的沉积物主要包括粉沙、极细沙、黏土和细沙;②粒度分布曲线主要有呈不对称的双峰分布、近乎对称的双峰分布和单峰分布等4种类型。呈双峰态的分布曲线,主、次峰均位于粉沙粒级和极细沙粒级,区别仅是两个粒级含量的高低;③雅丹地貌沉积物的平均粒径介于3.95～7.18 Φ之间,平均值为5.97 Φ;标准离差变化范围为1.37～2.47,平均值为1.99;偏度的变化范围为-0.27～0.58,平均值为0.10;峰态的值介于0.71～1.28之间,平均值为0.93。运用萨胡判别公式及沉积物粒度组成和粒度分布曲线特征进行判断,可知察尔汗盐湖雅丹地貌沉积物的形成环境主要为湖相、滨湖相和河流、三角洲沉积环境,同时还有浊流沉积和极少的风沙沉积环境,形成环境十分复杂。     

Landform Influences on Treeline Patchiness and Dynamics in a Changing Climate

Local landforms and microtopography control site conditions, spatial patterns, and dynamics in treeline landscapes. Several topography-related treeline types are presented and their responses to a warming climate discussed. On rugged mountain terrain, pronounced changes in vertical range and variety of treeline landscapes will not take place as long as debris slides and avalanches occur regularly. On intensively eroded steep terrain, trees will mainly colonize convexities. On trough shoulders and similar gentle topography with irregular mosaics of convex and concave landforms, tree establishment is most likely to take place on convex topography. On gentle slopes and rolling uplands, where the proportion of wind-swept terrain is comparatively large, microsite facilitation appears to be a precondition for tree establishment. At higher elevations, the relative importance of shelter-providing landforms will increase due to windier conditions. At the beginning of treeline rise, seedling establishment, growth, and survival are closely related to local landforms and microtopography and their effects on site conditions. Later, the feedback from trees on their environment may overrule the effects of landforms.     

Subglacial Preservation of Valley Morphology at Amundsenisen,Western Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica

On the high altitude polar plateau of Amundsenisen, western Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, a subglacial valley, with a broad horizontal valley floor interpreted as a sediment floodplain or valley delta, was studied by radio echo sounding. In addition, a small, probably glacial, valley was mapped within the same subglacial massif. Basal ice temperatures were calculated using field data on precipitation, air temperature and ice sheet thickness. Discoveries of old landforms which have been preserved more or less intact beneath the former Fennoscandian and Laurentide ice sheets have received increasing attention during the last decade. The aim of this study is to investigate whether preservation of landforms occurs under the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, and to discuss under that climatological and glaciological circumstances preservation may take place. The results show that the ice sheet covering the investigated localities is frozen to bed, and therefore has an insignificant erosional capability. The observations suggest that a large-scale subglacial sediment deposit and a small valley formed by glacial erosion have survived beneath a cold-based ice sheet marginal zone for a long time period. The process of glacial preservation, recognized for bedrock features and tentatively observed for sediment accumulations, should act on similar large-scale landforms under any cold-based ice sheet, present or past. On the basis of existing studies of the age and stability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, a Middle Pliocene age is suggested for the preserved landforms. The presence of the presumed sediment-filled valley further indicates that no prolonged periods of basal melting have occurred at the Amundsenisen study area during the ice sheet history, which includes the Quaternary glaciation periods. Finally, calculations of basal temperature for localities at different altitudes within the same subglacial massif were used to demonstrate local altitudinal control of glacial preservation. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.